The Impact Of Religion On Human Culture - 1200 Words

For centuries, human culture has been influenced in a multitude of ways by many means but none have had such an impact as religion. It has had countless wars waged in its name, even to this day. Billions believe in some divine being(s) that transcends the ugliness of humanity that s omnipotent and omniscient. Religion became a guide and a representation of how our lives should be led. However, history has brought evidence that made it possible for this notion to be criticized and rather, flipped. The majority of the human race believes that religion shaped our culture but it is rather the other way round, in that the culture of our ancestors, the Mesopotamians and the Hebrews shaped religion to explain the natural world and as a reflection of their lives and tribulations. During the age of Mesopotamia, climate change was still a key factor in the survival of civilizations but did not work on a global scale as it did before during cooling and warming periods. One day of bad weather could destroy a year’s worth of crops for a family and displace them without any means of self sustainability. It would be a millennium until food could be brought to the area again. To the average human living in Mesopotamia at the time, this would have been chaos, living in fear for when everything that was earned would be destroyed. This erratic behavior of nature could not be summed up as one god for there were no rhythms or patterns to be discern so to compensate for that, each aspect ofShow MoreRelatedReligion Is A Very Diverse Centre Of Beliefs Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesReligion is a very diverse centre of beliefs that humans have had for thousands of years. It has influenced actions and events in history on a monumental scale. Religion has created culture, countries, and most importantly, our morals. What defines religion is a spiritual belief that a group of people have. With all the good religion has created in this world, it’s like comparing 100 good deeds with their 100 bad counterparts, the good is always outweighed by evil. Religion is usually recognizedRead MoreThe Political System Of A Nation Impact The Human Identity ( Culture ) Of Families1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe project will be evaluating the extent which the political system impacts families in Israel. Sources such as memoirs, articles, and interviews will be used to gain the information necessary to answer these questions. The change in political system within Israel altered the way the average Israeli family lives to this day. Example Outline To what extent does the political system of a nation impact the human identity (culture) of families in Israel? Marriage laws placed during the Arab-IsraeliRead MoreKey Features Religious Practices Of Chinese Popular Religions878 Words   |  4 PagesFeatures Religious Practices of Chinese Popular Religions The main Chinese religions have many key features. The main religions include shamanism/ancestor reverence, Confucianism, Daoism, Mahayana Buddhism, and idol worship. These 5 religions share some features in common. For example, Chinese popular religion focuses on the human being’s pursuit of health, wealth, and happiness in their lives (quote the textbook). Chinese popular religions want the human to be doing well and succeeding in their day-to-dayRead MoreWestern Culture And Indian Culture1604 Words   |  7 Pages Our global world is full of dominant cultures that infiltrate their ascendancy into many of the world’s countries in a conscious and subconscious manner. An example of this cultural dominance can be seen in the bidirectional influence that Western Culture and the Indian culture portray onto one another. The cultures of the Western world and India in particular are alike one another on the basis that they are both economically established and are full of v ibrant social societies. There is an idealizedRead MoreAn Individual’S Sexual Curiosity In And Enticement To Other1095 Words   |  5 PagesAn individual’s sexual curiosity in and enticement to other individuals; having stimulating feelings and experiences, speak to human sexuality. Different from sexuality, biological sex is classified through genetics, anatomy, hormones and physiology; female or male. An individual s intelligence of their own gender refers to gender identity or sociocultural classification, which is also set apart from sexuality; however, it is constructed on biological sex and shapes sexual orientation. SexualityRead MoreAnalysis Of. Smith s The Illustrated World s Religions1412 Words   |  6 PagesSmith’s The Illustrated World’s Religions: A Guide to Our Wisdom Traditions. To very broadly summarize the point of this book, Smith’s (1994) book is an overview of several major world religions including their ideals, practices, major figures, cultural results and their sub-sects (Smith, 1994). Due to the sheer breadth of this book, I will be focusing my analysis on the cultural results of some of the religions presented. While reading this book, I found that some religions mentioned shared an interestingRead MoreReligion : The Basics By Mallory Nye1024 Words   |  5 PagesThe meaning of religion is something that scholars, along with society at large, have attempted to define for centuries. Although the term cannot truly have one solid meaning, it is clear that religion is much more than a set of beliefs and practices. In Religion: The Basics, author Mallory Nye discusses his approach to studying religion. In arguing that culture and religion strongly influence each other, he explains that those studying religion must make people and culture their focus, as variationsRead MoreA Brief Note On Apologetics Capstone Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pageshe recognizes we are flawed as humans, born with sinful tendencies. I also believe that God has but us here with a plan, and within that plan he expects us to show glimpses of his glory through different aspects of life. God understands human’s sinful tendencies and through this creates a healthy balanced lifestyle by combining Christianity with human nature through culture, music, and school. Body: Culture is an important part of various countries and religions that play a vital part in the diversityRead MoreHuman Primates, Humans, And Humans1679 Words   |  7 PagesHumans evolve from apelike ancestors approximately five million years ago. Most closely related to us are our non-human primates such as African great apes, chimpanzees and gorillas. Scientific studies reveal that more similar traits are being share by human and our non-human primates compared to other animals. As human evolve from our apelike ancestors, changes in our DNA differentiate ourselves from our non-human primate. Even though we evolve from our non-human ancestors and share similar anatomicalRead MoreSocio-Cultural Influences On Sexuality. Socio-Cultural1156 Words   |  5 Pagesemotional, cultural and economic aspects. Time and time again research has proven that socio-cultural influences have a significant role in human sexuality. Culture is the manner of life of the people. Thus, culture shapes the ideas of what behaviors are acceptable for men and women (King Regan, 2014). Sexuality is a big part of one’s life because it produces us human. It is how an individual sees himself or herself through sexual attitudes. According to (Krantz Tolan, 2016) sexuality means a collection

The Importance of the Eye in Toni Morrisons The Bluest...

The Importance of the Eye in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye In Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, the characters eyes are everything. The word eye appears over and over with rich adjectives that describe color, movement, and nuance of expression to signify a characters mood and psychological state. Morrison emphasizes the paradox of eyes: Eyes are at times a window to enlightenment, however, what eyes see is not always objective truth, but instead a distortion of reality into what a person is able to perceive. The concept of the bluest eye symbolizes unattainable beauty based on the blonde-haired, blue-eyed model that permeates 1940s Lorain, Ohio. Morrison initially presents the concept with a literary†¦show more content†¦The narrative shift also serves to compare how Pecola and Claudia react to the concept of blue eyes as the ultimate beauty and shows the psychological strength of each girl. Morrisons story asserts that children, by nature of their diminutive size and inability to contribute economically to the family, are societys weakest members. Children play a prominent role in The Bluest Eye because they are the vulnerable recipients of their parents psychological manifestations. At some point in early life, every child feels weak and unimportant; ignored, even. But there are gradations of neglect, and these variations are explored in the novel. Claudia expresses again and again how marginalized she and her sister perceived themselves to be, Adults do not talk to us - they give us directions (10). When Claudia thinks back to a childhood illness she suffered, she remembers her mothers irritation at finding her sick in bed. Claudia questions the reliability of her perceptions of pain and confusion, But was it really like that? As painful as I remember? Only mildly. Love...eased up into that cracked window (12). Claudias mothers irritation is tempered with compassion; she coats Claudias phlegmy chest with salve and hands repinned the flannel, readjusted theShow MoreRelatedRacism And Discrimination On African Americans1210 Words   |  5 Pagesfrequent use of symbolism.2 In The Bluest Eye, an extremely important symbol is blue eyes (Crayton 73). Blue eyes are used to symbolize racially based beauty standards and the power associated with whiteness (â€Å"Bluest† LitCharts). In the novel, society believes that if a person does not have white skin, he or she is not beautiful. Pecola Breedlove falls victim to this widespread belief and longs to possess blue eyes. In her world, blue eyes are far more than a simple eye color. They are beauty. They areRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, encompasses the themes of youth, gender, and race. The African American Civil Rights Movement had recently ended at the time the novel was written. In the book, Morrison utilizes a first-person story to convey her views on racial inequality. The protagonist and her friends find themselves in moments where they are filled with embarrassment and have a wish to flee such events. Since they are female African Americans, they are humiliated in society. One of Morrison’sRead MoreStruggling through the Great Depression in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye1347 Words   |  5 PagesToni Morrison was born Chloe Anthony Wofford in 1931 in Lorain, Ohio . Morrison grew up with a love of literature and received her undergraduate degree from Howard University. She received a master’s degree from Cornell University, she taught at Texas Southern University and then at Howard, in Washington, D.C., where she met Harold Morrison, an designer from Jamaica. The marriage lasted six years, and Morrison gave birth to two sons. She and her husband separated while she was pregnant with her secondRead MoreEssay on Keeping or Guarding an Identity619 Words   |  3 PagesDeveloping an identity has been something of importance throughout history, today’s society, and literature. In many circumstances, being yourself is the best option; however, in other circumstances, changing your composition actually can be better. What’s important, though, is to first accept oneself as who one is, and then to evaluate oneself and make the changes necessary. As one will see, the different evaluations have resulted in vastly different individu als. In the 20th Century, two very influentialRead MoreEssay about Use of the Fences Metaphor in Describing Racial Injustice1674 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Injustice in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, the Song Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, and August Wilsons Fences In todays world it is difficult for young people to get a good handle on the past. This is especially the case when talking about the history of African-Americans in the United States and the consequences of racial injustice which they faced. Toni Morrison shares her thoughts on this topic in her novel The Bluest Eye through the use ofRead More Morrisons Bluest Eye Essay: The American Way1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bluest Eye: The American Way  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Ownership, class structures, and consumerism go hand in hand. Morrison illustrates this throughout the novel and in the characters identities. Many of the characters identify themselves based on material possessions: the simple ownership of a car, the use of consumer products, and property ownership. Although African Americans may take these things for granted now, in the early 1900s this would be considered a major accomplishment. There isRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1587 Words   |  7 PagesRussell M. Nelson once said, â€Å"We were born to die and we die to live.† Toni Morrison correlates to Nelson’s quote in her Nobel Lecture of 1993, â€Å"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.† In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, she uses language to examine the concepts of racism, lack of self-identity, gender roles, and socioeconomic hardships as they factor into a misinterpretation of the American Dream. Morrison illustrates problems thatRead MoreThe Bluest Eye Analysis Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison strongly ties the contents of her novel to its structure and style through the presentation of chapter titles, dialogue, and the use of changing narrators. These structural assets highlight details and themes of the novel while eliciting strong responses and interpretations from reade rs. The structure of the novel also allows for creative and powerful presentations of information. Morrison is clever in her style, forcing readers to think deeply about the novel’s heavyRead More`` Like Water For Chocolate And The Bluest Eye ``1696 Words   |  7 PagesLaura Esquivel and Toni Morrison portray the limitations that are placed on young women as a result of expectations of the female’s role of what it is to be a woman of a particular race in family or society, through their enthralling novels, Like Water for Chocolate and The Bluest Eye. The role of being a woman is heavily suppressed upon females in our society and this concept is analysed in different notions of two very different women with different personal worlds and self values. The idea ofRead MoreThe Bluest Eyes By Toni Morrison984 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bluest Eyes by Toni Morrison is a short novel that revolves around a young girl named Pecola Breedlove who is a victim to incest and rape by her own father Cholly. In the town Lorain, Ohio Pecola becomes friends with a young nine year old girl named Claudia MacTeer and her ten year old sister Frieda. The MacTeer family takes in Pecola Breedlove when her father Cholly attempts to burn her house down and hits her mother, Pauline. Pecola is described as a quiet and soft spoken. Her life at home

Different Levels of Civilization in the Odyssey Essay...

If we compare the three different places, Phaeacia, Cyclops island and Ithaca in Homers The Odyssey, we can claim that these islands are quite different from one another both in terms of their nature and the inhabitants way of living. Phaeacians, for many apparent reasons, is the most civilized society and they have best kind of nature and wealth. People of Ithaca follow Phaeacians with slight differences and Cyclops comes last in the sorting because of being completely uncivilized. The garden of Phaeacia is insanely wealthy. The land is so fertile that all kinds of fruits are abundant in the garden....Olives swelling sleek and dark/ And the yield of all these trees will never flag or die/ neither in winter nor in summer, a†¦show more content†¦And you yourself, sitting among the princes, debating points at your council... (Homer, 170) It illustrates that they have meeting place, ruling body to debate issues. Womens role in that society is another verification of their modernity. Women are more self-determining and dynamic in Phaeacian culture. They have their proper share in the way of civilization; they are weaving all the time because there is no other way of getting clothing. And their king, Alcinous, is quite broadminded because he let his daughter go far away to wash clothing with other girls (170) and he says, I am hardly a man for reckless, idle anger. / Balance is best in all things(Homer, 189) when he learns his daughter and Odysseus have met before but theyve decided to come to the city separately lest there may be rumors. Their queen, Arete, is highly honorable and she is the dominant one in ruling. Nausicaa, the daughter of the queen tells Odysseus, If only the queen will take you to her heart, / then there is hope that you will see your loved ones, emreach your own grand house, your native land at last (Homer, 178). Additionally, Phaeacians give importance to cleanliness, which is one of the indispensable requirements of civilization. They wash their clothes and bathe regularly. Moreover, Phaeacians are pious people. Thats to say they know the rules of Gods and obey them respectfully. They make proper sacrifices to Gods to appease their anger andShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad The Iliad and the Odyssey are two of the best Greek epics written by Homer. Despite their popularity, almost nothing is known about the author beyond the existence of his masterpieces. Surprisingly enough no concrete evidence of his existence is available; not even to confirm the same person created the two works. The authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey were debated even in the times of the ancient Greeks. Many scholars have arguedRead MoreHomer’S Two Tales, The Iliad And The Odyssey, Are Both1749 Words   |  7 Pagestwo tales, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are both incredibly well known and widely taught across the world and at many different levels of education. Some call Homer the â€Å"greatest poet to ever live† and although this can be disputed his works truly speak for themselves and have braved the test of time quite well. This paper will cover who/whom Homer is as a person, or persons, and the time period of his writings, the truths versus the dramatization s of the Iliad and Odyssey, how the author’s perspectiveRead More Essay on Homers Odyssey: Foreshadowing the Homecoming869 Words   |  4 Pages The Odyssey:nbsp; Foreshadowing the Homecoming nbsp; The majority of the Odyssey is an account of Odysseus’ adventures trying to reach his homeland of Ithaka. Several of these adventures are false homecomings, the most prominent of which is his imprisonment on Kalypso’s island. This false homecoming is strikingly different from what one would expect of Odysseus’ real homecoming, but similar enough for parallels to be drawn between the two. Homer uses this false homecoming to foreshadow Odysseus’Read MoreThe Potential Effects of Developing Technology Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesand develop effectively as demonstrated by the society in Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World; however technology can be a double edged sword in the sense that it has the power to destroy as demonstrated in Arthur C. Clarke’s novel 2001 A Space Odyssey. When this is coupled with its own unreliability, technology can be a challenge for those who seek to control and master its enigmas. Technology does not have the ab ility to choose right from wrong; it is up to the beholder of this technology toRead MoreEssay about David Katan’s Translating Cultures1038 Words   |  5 Pageshistorians and archeologists reconstruct the ancient societies and civilizations, as well as the story of our forefathers and the history of the entire human race. They allow communication between us and different countries and nations, whose language might be different from ours and this may create difficulties in being able to understand each other. However, translators make this possible as they are the mediators between two different cultures. The need for translations is massive, from both a socialRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer, Annotated Bibliography Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pageshe Odyssey, as written by Homer, intricately and excitingly weaves Colin Renfrew’s Subsystem Theories throughout the entire play. Many of the five subsystem theories can be seen and support understanding of the novel. Of the fi ve systems, trade/communication, social/ political hierarchy and symbolic subsystems will be the focus of analysis in this paper. All of these subsystems come together in The Odyssey to explain the characters and their lives, and also how they fit into the society which theyRead MoreThe Odyssey and Dantes Inferno1300 Words   |  5 Pages The epic tales of The Odyssey and Inferno, respectively, were seemingly written along a parallel train of thought when describing their characters journey, easily engaging the creative functions of the reader with adventurous tales of hope and adventure. Their characters, Odysseus and Dante himself, reflect upon their like and equal struggles in the quest to return home and the help that they received along the way that helped them make the return possible. The Odyssey begins far ago when OdysseusRead MoreAncient Greek And Roman Empires Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pagesis through these sources that historians are able to gain an in depth, and maybe sometimes biased, view into the lives of the people of the time and what was going on in the period. Despite being two vastly different genres of primary sources, Cicero’s letters and Homer’s epic poem The Odyssey, give some of the best ideas into life for the ancient Greek and Roman empires. Through analysis of these two works, some key similarities and differences of how both empires functioned are brought to lightRead MoreAnalysis Of Le Mepris957 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Le Mepris† (Jean-Luc Godard, 1963) is extensively layered with cinematic text, and different sociopolitical subliminal melding together artistically within a simple narrative which identifies the French new wave. To valorize an explicable argument, I must analyze the â€Å"Mise en Scene† in relation to another, and must correspond shots to another. The scene begins with a long take, Paul (Michel Picolli) and Camille (Brigitte Bardot) enters their barely furnished apartment. To create a cinematic self-consciousnessRead MoreCharacters in The Odyssey and Ramayana Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Odyssey and Ramayana, the authors depict the characters through the eyes of their culture and civilization. In both works, the representation of men and women reflects an ideal that was sought after at the time. Particularly, the texts focus on the relationships between the main characters and the religion, as well as the main character and their familial ties. In The Odyssey, there is Athena and Odysseus while in Ramayana, there is Rama and Sita. Both Athena and Sita represent the idealistic

Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer - 1786 Words

Endless miles of powder white snow, piercing bitter winds, and white-capped mountains, a continuing stretch of shimmering sand, relentless heat of a blazing sun, and high jagged cliffs, or a warm comfortable couch, a big blanket, a bag of chips, and Netflix. If asked which of these three would bring them happiness, many would undoubtedly say the third choice. But the book Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer tells the story of a young man, Chris McCandless, who if asked the same question, would choose the first two promptly. Chris McCandless, raised in the suburb of Washington D.C, left his home and started his own journey wandering all across North America in search of adventure after graduating from Emory University in 1990. In April 1992, he reached his biggest goal when he hitchhiked to Alaska and lived in the wild. Four months later, hikers and hunters found his S.O.S note and his dead body. But his inspiring story, as well as many others like it, have proven that to find happiness , it is necessary that a person leave the conformity of everyday life and find simplicity and excitement in the challenges of adventures and new experiences. When Chris left for his journey, he abandoned the ordinary life of security and conformity that he believed was damaging to his adventurous spirt. A big example of security and conformity for Chris was college. In his senior year of high school, Chis had told his parents that he didn’t plan on going to college (Krakauer). He thought thatShow MoreRelatedInto the Wild by Jon Krakauer563 Words   |  2 PagesJon Krakauer presents Into The Wild a tragic tale of a young ambitious man who is motivated to go into the wilderness and discover his true identity.Jon krakauer conveys many messages to his readers through Chris McCandless, and his messages often offer a warning to society.we will furture idenitfy how the author delievers the warning to society and what effect it can have upon society today.Three of the very important messages he empatizes on are the societies influence on people,the essence ofRead MoreThe Wild By Jon Krakauer1096 Words   |  5 PagesAllyssa Mikes July 2012 Into the Wild Mr. Fertmann Throughout the non-fictional novel Into the Wild, the author Jon Krakauer catches the reader’s interest early on in the book. Krakauer takes us on a journey, telling the story of young Chris McCandless’ adventures after abandoning everything he owned. Krakauer fully emerged himself into the study of McCandless’ life’s adventures and soon developed a deep understanding of who he was and how he impacted to world. Krakauer connected with McCandless in anRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer946 Words   |  4 Pagescompelling novel â€Å"Into The Wild† by Jon Krakauer the character and intelligence of the youth in men is questioned. Through the pieced together 200 page novel we are introduced to Christopher Johnson McCandless also known as â€Å"Alex Supertramp†. A ripe 24 years of age he chose to question our reality and his meaning of life that is given to us by hitchhiking across America to the Alaskan wilderness, where after four months in the last frontier he is found dead. Krakauer throughout the novel shows thatRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1330 Words   |  6 Pagesshared.† - Jon Krakauer Into the wild. Jon Krakauer, the author of Into the Wild told the story of Chris McCandless. Chris escaped reality and went to go live off the land in Alaska, hoping to live a simpler life. In the novel, Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandless shared a similar philosophy with Jack London, as they both have a strong passion for Alaska, they both appreciated they beauty of nature, and both wanted to be reborn. In the novel, Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandlessRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1349 Words   |  6 PagesSummary Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer is a true story about Chris McCandless who is found dead in the Alaskan wild during September 1992. After discovering that his father had a secret secondary family when Chris was young, Chris pushes away his friends and family and eventually isolates himself. He obtains $25,000 from his parents by lying about attending law school and drives away from home, deserting his real name. He later leaves his car in Georgia after an engine breakdown due to rain damageRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1013 Words   |  5 Pages Into the Wild, by Jon Krakauer, narrates the life of adventurer and free spirit Christopher McCandless, who died August 1992 in the Alaskan wilderness; however, his journey still remains relevant in today’s pop culture due to the unresolved controversy of whether he is a saintly role model or hubristic fool. Krakauer openly states that he â€Å"won’t claim to be an impartial biographer† (Author’s Note) due to the parallels he struck with McCandless, and provides a more idealistic approach to the biographyRead MoreInto the Wild by Jon Krakauer1516 Words   |  7 PagesRosselini, John Waterman and Carl McCunn. They all went to Alaska, just like Chris and died. After that Chris continued to canoe and got caught by the US officers when he was trying to get back into the US from Mexico. So he spent a night in jail. Krakauer then compared Chris to Everett Reuss. They both changed their names and they both disappeared. Chris applied for an ID as Alex Supertramp and found a job in Los Angeles. New York Times published about Alex’s death. Jim Gallien and Wayne WesterbergRead MoreThe Wild By Jon Krakauer1522 Words   |  7 Pagesvictories.† (Richard M. Nixon). In his investigative biography, Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer, expresses that even though young people can be ignorant and take treacherous risks, these can be used as knowledge enhancers and can be life changers. Krakauer gives us insight by giving examples of what risk really are, how people take them, and how it actually affects those people. Throughout the whole book there are instances where krakauer uses real life examples of things that have happened where people haveRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pages Jon Krakauer s novel â€Å"Into the wild†, Is a story about a young man named Christopher McCandless or â€Å"Alex Supertramp† who went on a self discovering odyssey in which he had traveled around the U.S. The story surrounds Chris and his travels and what he had done at the time, leading to his death in August 1992. Thus the story takes a direction in the viewpoints of the people Alex has come across through in his travels. It speaks about what he had done at the time of his journey before he hadRead MoreInto the Wild: by Jon Krakauer1186 Words   |  5 Pagessense Krakauers natural liking for McCandless. He was sympathetic to McC andless, based on Krakauers sense of a shared experience in their youth and up until McCandless eventual death and Krakauers perceived near death experience on the Devils Thumb. I believe the author’s main point and perspective was formed from his own experience and relationship with his father. While the situations were basically reversed with Chris not approving of his father and Lewis Krakauer disappointed in Jon for not

IT Professional and Society for Group or Culture - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIT Professional and Society for Group or Culture. Answer: Introduction Ethics are the certain and specific rules and regulations of conduct that are recognized and identified with respect to a specific class of human activities or a specific group or culture (Frederickson and Rohr 2015). I have learnt from the presentations and tutorials that ethics are the right and the correct thing to be done by social system. We often face several societal or peer disapproval while following ethical ways. However, morals are certain habits or principles with respect to the correct or wrong conducts (Dolgoff, Harrington and Loewenberg 2012). According to Professor Kimberly Blackerby, morals can be defined as the procedure of the working of moral with respect to an individuals principles and ideals. When a person is involved in wrong deeds, I can clearly say that he is morally wrong. From the presentation on information technology ethics and morals, I have learnt the information technology professionals or the IT professionals should be ethically and morally correct i n their work place, so that they do not take any wrong route for their success in the organization. The following report outlines the basic concept of ethics and morality, especially in the sector of information technology. I have understood clearly that IT ethics is extremely important for the IT sector. The report that I have provided is a reflection of the presentations of Professor Kimberly Blackerby (Frankfurt 2013). The report given by me understand the social impact of information technology and the social responsibility of IT professionals, critically review the IT professions Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct, and develop a personal ethical framework, and to understand the role of the IT professional and the legal and moral responsibility they have to that profession and society. Discussion IT Ethics The word Ethics is derived from a Greek word ethos. The word ethos has the meaning of habit, custom and the distinct way of living (Eshleman 2014). In simple words, ethics can be defined as the practice or the discipline to apply value to the behavior of human beings. This results into reasonable conduct. It is a specific branch of ethics, which deals with the relation between the organization and utilization of information with various moral codes and ethical standards. I have learnt from the tutorials and the presentations that IT ethics or information technology ethics can be defined as the application of the four classical principles of ethics for the utilization of the computer technology (Otim et al., 2012). There are several ethical problems that are related to IT. The first problem is the privacy. I have understood that this privacy problem occurs whenever there is lack of security. Moreover, I have also known that other IT related problem include the physical addresses and t he properties of IP (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). The illegal access to the computers, the interference of the systems without the permission of the user, misuse of the devices and electrical fraud are also considered as ethical problems in information technology sector. Ethical Responsibilities I have learnt from my tutorials and presentations that ethical responsibilities are the certain duties that an individual should follow in his/her life. He/she should be on the correct path for achieving their goals and objectives in life (Bonjak and Marui? 2012). Moreover, he has various responsibilities towards his family, friends and acquaintances. These social responsibilities should also be ethical and are also claimed as ethical responsibilities. From the tutorials and presentations, I got to know that the ethical responsibilities can be at various levels like the professional level, work level and business level. An individual should be ethically and morally correct while performing all the ethical and moral responsibilities at these several levels. Again the ethical responsibilities are also dependent on the codes of ethics and codes of conduct in several organizations (Maryniak 2012). These ethical conducts help in understanding the behavior and character of an employee. I h ave known that there are various questions that are related to ethics in an organization. These questions include time and money managers usually spend on the privacy sector for the protection of their personal data and information, and the portion of the knowledge of information technology that is belonging to the organization and the knowledge of the information technology that is related to an employee (Smythe 2012). The other ethical questions include whether the system owner is reliable for the security or not and the bulk amount of information that is to be collected. Codes of Conduct I have known that codes of conduct are set of certain rules that outline the social and economic standards, regulations, practices and responsibilities that help in conducting all types of ethical tasks and activities. When an individual follows the codes of conduct, he or she is ethically or morally correct in his terms and life (BEEmsTERBoER 2016). Even these codes of conduct are followed in the organizations by all the employees or are expected to follow in the organizations. There are several and various common traits with these codes of conduct. These are as follows: i) Integrity: My professor helped me to understand that integrity is the most important feature in the codes of conduct. ii) Ethical Principles: The ethical principles are those principles that are followed by any individual for staying on the ethical path. iii) Values: Values are another common trait with codes of conducts. The values of an individual should be correct. iv) Professional Behavior: A person should be ethical in his professional field and this is another common trait with the codes of conduct (Speight 2016). v) Responsibilities of Individual/Company: I have also learnt that the responsibilities of an individual or the company should be ethical. Stakeholders From the presentations and tutorials, I understood and identified the stakeholders of an organization. In an IT organization, the stakeholder is a person impacted by the work or project of information technology (Maryniak 2012). The various stakeholders of a company are as follows: i) Clients: The clients or the customers are the most important stakeholders of an organization as they are responsible for the overall positive impact on the organization. ii) Managers, Directors, Senior Level Staff: These are the top level management of an organization and the all the important decisions are taken by these people. iii) Employees or Contractors: The employees or the contractors are responsible for the overall growth and dev elopement of the organization. iv) Communities: The communities again have an extremely strong impact on any organization. v) Stockholders, Investors: The investors invest their money in the business and thus they are responsible for the profit or loss of the organization. vi) Competitors: I have learnt that the competitors of an organization help to work more actively in the market and make their positions (Bonjak and Marui? 2012). Therefore, they have an extremely strong impact on the organization. Software Companies: The software companies again have a strong impact on the organization Other Support Groups: The other support groups are the contracts and accounting groups (Smythe 2012). These people deal with the overall finance department of the organization and thus have a strong impact on the organization. Cross Cultural Issues The cross cultural issues or problems create major problems in any organization. I have learnt from the presentations and tutorials from my professors that these cross cultural issues or problems are nothing but the several cultural factors arise in the several environments of work. The main problems arise when there is a rift between the regional workplace and the global workplace (Tsourvakas 2015.). In some cases, these types of problems occur when there is an outsourcing in the several regions. The other problems or issues in the work place occur because of the several dilemmas in ethics. These issues even affect the environment of the workplace. I am providing the description of the above mentioned cross cultural factors in the following paragraphs. Different Work Environments: These types of issues or problems occur due to several and various reasons. The main reasons due to these problems and issues include the religious practices and beliefs, the historical factors (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). Moreover, the beliefs from the upbringing and overall culture of an individual are also major reasons for these types of problems. The language barrier is another major reason for this type of cross cultural issues. Global vs Regional Workplaces: From the tutorials given by my professor, I understood that the various regulations and laws are the main reasons for the rift in the global and regional workplaces. Moreover, the various ethical decisions are also responsible for this. These decisions can be different for the global workplace and the regional workplace (Perez-Batres et al. 2012). I have understood that every country has its own culture and cultural values. The views of the individual persons and the roles and the responsibilities of any individual are responsible for the rift in the global and the regional workplaces. The work ethics and the time zone difference are other factors. Outsourcing in Different Regions: This is one of the major problem in the cross culture. The main reasons for this problem are the ethics with the labor laws, the holiday or the work schedules. Time can be the main problem in this type of cross cultural issues (BEEmsTERBoER 2016). Moreover, I have learnt that the cultural barriers and differences are other important causes for the outsourcing in the different regions. Ethical Dilemmas: This is again an important reason for the cross cultural issues or problems (Bonjak and Marui? 2012). The dilemmas in the ethics and the beliefs for taking the correct decisions are the major causes for the cross cultural issues. Organizational Responsibilities of IT Professionals The organizational responsibilities are the most important factor for any information technology professional (Speight 2016). My professor helped me to understand the basic roles and responsibilities that an IT professional have towards his workplace. These responsibilities include the control and management of the workplace and the also the responsibilities towards the clients, colleagues and employers. The main responsibility that an IT professional has towards his workplace or organization is to deliver maximum production to the workplace (Tai and Chuang 2014). I have understood that it is the duty of that individual to know and understand their roles and responsibilities perfectly and execute them properly. Types of IT Roles My professor helped me to understand the several and different types of information technology or IT roles in an organization. There are various types of roles. They are as follows: i) Website Developers or App Developers ii) Systems Consultants or Computer Consultants Database Services iv) Network Administrators v) Security Consultants vi) IT Support Services Project Management Software Developers Systems Procurement ix) Transactional Internet Services x) Cloud Service Providers I have understood that almost all organizations have the above mentioned roles in their IT department (Perez-Batres et al. 2012). ACS Code of Professional Conduct From the lectures and the tutorials provided by my professor, I have also gained knowledge about the ACS Code of Professional Conduct (Baker 2014). These codes of conduct comprises of six main features. They are as follows: i) The Primacy of the Public Interest ii) The Enhancement of the Quality of Life Honesty iv) Competence v) Professional Development vi) Professionalism These above mentioned factors are the major reasons for the codes of conduct in the professional background. These are known as the ACS Codes of Professional conduct (BEEmsTERBoER 2016). My lecturer helped me in understanding this complex chapter easily with his lecture. Corporate Social Responsibility The Corporate Social Responsibility or the CSR is the main factor or feature for the initiatives of any corporation or individual for the welfare of the society or the environment. This responsibility is expected to be found in every individual or organization as they are the parts of the society (Hopkins 2012). I got to know that these responsibilities have strong impact on the society. There are six major principles involved in corporate social responsibility. These principles are as follows: i) Purpose: The purpose is to identify the need or the requirement of the corporate social responsibility. ii) Values: The values are the values of the global or the overall social responsibilities. Method: The method involves the way of the corporate social responsibility is executed. iv) Research: The research section is based on concepts or the empirical. v) Partnership: The partnership involves the collaboration and the involvement with the businesses (Jin, Drozdenko and DeLoughy 2013). vi) Dialog: The communications with the several and the various stakeholders on the problems of the global social responsibility and the sustainability. These above mentioned factors are the major factors of performing the corporate social responsibility (Luning 2012). My professor has explained this CSR with relevant examples of Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. Conclusion Therefore, from the report given above, I can simply conclude that Ethics are the certain and specific rules and regulations of conduct that are recognized and identified with respect to a specific class of human activities or a specific group or culture. I have learnt from the presentations and tutorials that ethics are the right and the correct thing to be done by social system. We often face several societal or peer disapproval while following ethical ways. However, morals are certain habits or principles with respect to the correct or wrong conducts. According to Professor Kimberly Blackerby, morals can be defined as the procedure of the working of moral with respect to an individuals principles and ideals. When a person is involved in wrong deeds, I can clearly say that he is morally wrong. From the presentation on information technology ethics and morals, I have learnt the information technology professionals or the IT professionals should be ethically and morally correct in th eir work place, so that they do not take any wrong route for their success in the organization. The above report describes about the concept of ethics and IT ethics and morals. I have understood clearly that IT ethics is extremely important for the IT sector. The report that I have provided is a reflection of the presentations of Professor Kimberly Blackerby. The report given by me understand the social impact of information technology and the social responsibility of IT professionals, critically review the IT professions Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct, and develop a personal ethical framework, and to understand the role of the IT professional and the legal and moral responsibility they have to that profession and society. Professor Kimberly Blackerby has helped me to clear my doubts and clarifications regarding IT ethics and morals with his presentations. References Baker, R., 2014. Codes of conduct. InHandbook of Global Bioethics(pp. 551-579). Springer Netherlands. BEEmsTERBoER, P.L., 2016. Codes of Ethics.Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene-E-Book, p.65. Bonjak, L. and Marui?, A., 2012. Prescribed practices of authorship: review of codes of ethics from professional bodies and journal guidelines across disciplines.Scientometrics,93(3), pp.751-763. Dolgoff, R., Harrington, D. and Loewenberg, F.M., 2012.Brooks/Cole Empowerment Series: Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice. Cengage Learning. Eshleman, A., 2014. Moral responsibility. Frankfurt, H.G., 2013. Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility.The Philosophy of Free Will: Essential Readings from the Contemporary Debates, pp.139-148. Frederickson, H.G. and Rohr, J.A., 2015.Ethics and public administration. Routledge. Hopkins, M., 2012.The planetary bargain: Corporate social responsibility matters. Routledge. Jin, K.G., Drozdenko, R. and DeLoughy, S., 2013. The role of corporate value clusters in ethics, social responsibility, and performance: A study of financial professionals and implications for the financial meltdown.Journal of business ethics,112(1), pp.15-24. Luning, S., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for exploration: Consultants, companies and communities in processes of engagements.Resources policy,37(2), pp.205-211. Maryniak, I., 2012. Codes of conduct.Index on Censorship,41(1), pp.85-95. Otim, S., Dow, K.E., Grover, V. and Wong, J.A., 2012. The impact of information technology investments on downside risk of the firm: alternative measurement of the business value of IT. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(1), pp.159-194. Perez-Batres, L.A., Doh, J.P., Miller, V.V. and Pisani, M.J., 2012. Stakeholder pressures as determinants of CSR strategic choice: Why do firms choose symbolic versus substantive self-regulatory codes of conduct?.Journal of business ethics,110(2), pp.157-172. Smythe, V., 2012. Codes of ethics.Applied Ethics. Ed. Peter Bowden. Melbourne: Tilde UP,62. Speight, J.G., 2016 Codes of Ethics.Ethics in the University, pp.25-47. Tai, F.M. and Chuang, S.H., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), p.117. Tsourvakas, G., 2015. Codes of Conduct. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y. and Xu, X., 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.

Auditing Theory and Risk Assessment Practice Free Sample

Questions: 1. List and discuss several factors that would have contributed to an increased subjective risk assessment at the financial statement level. Also, identify which of these factors may be identified during the strategic business risk assessment. 2.Inherent risk factors that would have contributed to an increased inherent risk assessment at the account balance level. 3.Assessment of the issue of going concern as either low, medium or high. Answers: Introduction Examination of business financial operation through auditing has been a major concern in the line of business. For any business entity to identify its level of growth and development there must be a proper assessment conducted in the firm. Most of the operations in the economic sector highly depend on the nature of auditing, therefore, several principles have then been developed to assist in the elimination of risks and perils which may be accrued during auditing (Lpez and Peters 2012). These hypothesis have been designed by worlds financial reporting framework establishments such as GAAP and IFRS to direct auditing practices. Several policies have also been developed to assist auditors in making corrections on the risks which may face them during financial assessment. The way of examining and duty of review group guarantees the accomplishment of an organization inside the business or worldwide business sector. In the later past, hypotheses like going concern has been produced. Usage and routine of these stipulated issues stay in the hands of examiners and the leading group of administration of any given entity. The extent of this paper explores the use of these present issues in One.Tel Company in Australia. The organization has been in operation in media transmission industry since May 1995 in the wake of being propelled in Sydney. The paper further examines natural danger in the organization budgetary reports and the issue of going concern. 1. Understanding of Inherent Risk Inherent risk is one of the review dangers oversaw under risk evaluation. Review hazard includes three sorts of dangers. These dangers are inherent danger, control dangers and the detective hazard. Assessment risks is considered as the result of the three dangers as shown previously. It might be experienced amid evaluating execution which for this situation is One.Tel Telecommunication Company. Inherent risk is subsequently a segment of the review which comes as a consequence of material misquote inside the money related articulation. Incorrectness happens in an organization's assessment reports due to underutilization of important control measures (Chung et al. 2012). Inherent dangers emerge for the most part because of the mistake of oversights in the adjustments of the organization books of records. On account of One.Tel Company, intrinsic dangers may have emerged because of disappointments and poor utilization of the control measures. The event of disappointments because of inher ent might be as an aftereffect of oversight and fake practice during auditing. Inherent risk can be high or low within an organizations financial reports depending on the prevailing business environments. Some of the factors which may lead to high inherent risks are as discussed below. Factors Which Affect Inherent Risk at the Financial Report Level Legitimacy of Company Administrators The expansion in inherent risk in One.Tel Telecommunication Company might be as a consequence of the inadequacy of the leading group of the Directorate. The organization's administration is made of nine individuals having distinctive powers and benefits. The board is made up of five none-official individuals shaping up most of the board individuals. There are other four official individuals having a full order to everything inside the organization (Coetsee 2010). The rate at which the inherent risk is increasing in One.Tel media transmission organization is high as indicated by the case of study. The board of management is committed to a great deal of obligations which includes: approval of corporate and budgetary procedures, distinguishing and addressing issues of great concern confronting One.Tel as an organization, checking on and observing administration procedures and reporting instruments, regulating money related execution and arrangement of the senior administration group. Th e organization has developed as far as possible where the administration group of nine personalities can't meet every one of their commitments. The chiefs will probably conceal their poor notorieties, along these lines, neglecting to create important articulations amid evaluating prompting an expansion in the characteristic danger due to poor administration. Management Understanding, Alertness and Instabilities During Financial Assessment Period The wastefulness in the administration of the organization and absence of learning encourages wrong readiness of the budgetary report prompting an increment in the inherent risk. Once the examiner recognizes standard workforce turnover in basic administration areas, there is possibilities of arising inherent risk in light of the fact that honest identities are prone to leave their official positions as opposed to proliferate some extortion. This generally happens when the organization extends quickly as reflected on account of One.Tel Telecommunication Company (Herda and Lavelle 2012). Unusual Pressure on Organization Management There may be inducements for administration to misstate the financial report increasing the inherent risk. The incentives in can be either from the internal environment or the external environment (Kerler and Brandon 2010). The incentives may be cash flow problems, poor liquidity rationing, poor operating results due to management limitation and work overstretch and connection of management compensation pay schemes tied to share capital and earnings. This may lead to an increase in the inherent risk since management may be induced to misstate operating and financial statements to acquire some bonus. Nature of the Kind of Venture One.Tel is Operating Various issues have been acknowledged in the business or industry in which One.Tel Company operates. The company has a complex investment organization, which is an aid to increase inherent risk. The existence of related-party transactions such as the company shareholders would also increase inherent risk as the operations are not with the self-regulating party (Al Nawaiseh and Jaber 2015). The company has got capital share transactions which require a lot of financial know-how to audit since such operations are complicated. The company operates in larger geographical context and generates a lot of income through sales. In review of the given case, One.Tel Company gained huge sum of money in the previous trading period. The company received a total income of $687.2 million where $429.4 million revenue came from Australia, $144.7 million UK, $15.1million France, $ 36.6 Netherlands, Hong Kong $39.2 and $ 13.2 million from other trading regions. This indicates how Telecommunication compa nies have probably recompenses until they inaugurated a standing, and a trustworthy income source inherent risk will keep on rising. Telecommunication industry is facing a challenge which requires a company in the industry to apply controls mechanism to be stable and remain relevant in the industry. Since new economies and unstable economies result in high inherent risk than stable economies. Factors Affecting the Industry in which the Entity Operates Variations in commercial and competitive environments would be anticipated to have a significant influence on the inherent risk of an entity like one.tel in the telecommunication industry. Factors such as imbalance in the revenue and growth in some telecommunication service providers may lead to a rise in the inherent risk during financial statement preparations. Throughout risk assessment stage the company audit team goes through the risks identified like the inherent risk discussed above. The team or the auditor evaluates the factors of the risks through fair evaluation (Martin 2013). Evaluation of risks results into two types of risks which in this case is an inherent risk. The identified risk is a component of material misstatement of the financial statement motivated by several factors. Factors relating to fraud can be identified during strategy development process whereas those factor that increase inherent risk due to fraud identifiable via the AU section 316. Accounts likely to Require Adjustment When the books of accounts are being adjusted to fit to the demands of business in the recent trading period there is likeness of errors to occur. These errors may be due to omissions, oversight, imaginary conclusions by accountants or as a result of errors carried forward. In such situations the rate of inherent risk is considered to be high as a product of errors. Complexity of Fundamental Transactions If the deal during a trading period is complicated, it is likely that there will be an increase in inherent risk. In consideration of One.Tel Telecommunication Company, the books of accounts indicates complex types of transactions such as the shareholder's inequity, reserves and dividend. Challenging transactions are prone to errors as they are difficult to understand leading to high inherent risk at the accounting level. Conclusion Involved in Determining Account Balances The kind of judgment made by the auditor during the process of balancing of auditors is likely to influence inherent risk. In case the account report on a given transaction may be induced by some factors within the company (Reichelt and Wang 2010). These judgments can be affected by the type of operation and the management pressure. Susceptibility of Assets to Loss or Misappropriation The susceptibility of the companys assets to loss or misappropriations leads to increased inherent risk at the accounting level. During the transaction entries, it is evident that simple misappropriation of an asset result into accelerated inherent risk. For instance taking misplacement of an asset to liability may lead to an increase in the inherent risk (Herd and Lavelle 2014). The Occurrence of Unusual and Complex Transactions, Particularly at or near Year-End The manifestation of substantial trades during the trading period has a possible increase the inherent risk (Skinner and Srinivasan 2012). When an unfamiliar transaction occurs precisely towards the end of a trading period, there are high chances of errors in the books of accounts. Such different operations may be a challenge to the auditor and accountants and may result in high inherent risk. Transactions not Subject to Usual Processing The degree of an upturn in the inherent risk is high at the bookkeeping level when we make dealings which require unfamiliar processing. In the event of such case the auditor of a business entity like One.Tel Telecommunication Company may make mistakes leading to an increase in inherent risk as a result of limited knowledge of such transactions. 3. The ongoing concern builds on the auditors' assessment whether low, medium or high in correlation to inherent risk and control risk (Francis 2011). The detection risk during the evaluation is maintained at the lowest level to keep the audit risk at the recommended rate. Minimum detection risk can be accomplished through scope test enhancement. Due to the argument, it is evident that the going concern can be either high, medium or low based on the three type of risk. The issue of going concern in relation to One.Tel Companys case can be considered to be high. Inherent in the companys financial statement is deemed to be high since the company operates in a highly controlled industry. In this situation, the companys going concern is considered to be high (Chang, Dasgupta and Hilar 2009). Other factors such as the detective risk and control risk are seen to be high according to the nature of the business entity. In application of the knowledge acquired it is clearly evident that the g oing concern can be high, low or medium. Conclusion It is clear from the above discussion that the rate of going concern depends more on the kind of risks in the financial statement. In the event of low audit risk, the nature of going concern remains low whereas when the types of a risk is medium or high, the going concern is either low or high. Even though the assumption may be correct, it is hard to regulate the following circumstances that may lead to the continuous application of a going concern (Knechel et al. 2012). The nature of a going concern in accompany depends on the application of the stipulated financial framework. The above discussed issues should therefore be given proper assessment as per the financial stipulated framework of GAAP and IFRS. References Al Nawaiseh, M.A.L. and Jaber, J., 2015. Auditing subsequent events from the perspective of auditors: study from Jordan. International Journal of Financial Research, 6(3), p.p78. Chang, X., Dasgupta, S. and Hilary, G., 2009. The effect of auditor quality on financing decisions. The Accounting Review, 84(4), pp.1085-1117. Chung, J.O., Cullinan, C.P., Frank, M., Long, J.H., Mueller-Phillips, J. and O'Reilly, D.M., 2012. The auditor's approach to subsequent events: Insights from the academic literature. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 32(sp1), pp.167-207. Coetsee, D., 2010. The role of accounting theory in the development of accounting principles. Meditari Accountancy Research, 18(1), pp.1-16. Francis, J.R., 2011. A framework for understanding and researching audit quality. Auditing: A journal of practice theory, 30(2), pp.125-152. Herda, D.N. and Lavelle, J.J., 2012. Auditor commitment to privately held clients and its effect on value-added audit service. Auditing: A journal of practice theory, 32(1), pp.113-137. Herda, D.N. and Lavelle, J.J., 2014. Auditing Subsequent Events: Perspectives from the Field. Current Issues in Auditing, 8(2), pp.A10-A24. Humphrey, C. and Miller, P., 2012. Rethinking impact and redefining responsibility: The parameters and coordinates of accounting and public management reforms. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 25(2), pp.295-327. Iwu, C.G. and Xesha, D., 2011. Used Bookstore as a Vehicle for Improved Learning and Development: The Case of a South Africans Tertiary Institution. Janvrin, D.J. and Jeffrey, C.G., 2007. An investigation of auditor perceptions about subsequent events and factors that influence this audit task. Accounting Horizons, 21(3), pp.295-312. Knechel, W.R., Krishnan, G.V., Pevzner, M., Shefchik, L.B. and Velury, U.K., 2012. Audit quality: Insights from the academic literature. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 32(sp1), pp.385-421. Lpez, D.M. and Peters, G.F., 2012. The effect of workload compression on audit quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 31(4), pp.139-165. Martin, R.D., 2013. Audit quality indicators: Audit practice meets audit research. Current issues in auditing, 7(2), pp.A17-A23. Reichelt, K.J. and Wang, D., 2010. National and office specific measures of auditor industry expertise and effects on audit quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 48(3), pp.647-686. Skinner, D. J. and Srinivasan, S. 2012. Audit quality and auditor reputation: Evidence from Japan. The Accounting Review, 87(5), 1737-1765. Thompson, T.R., 1960. Problems of Auditing Computing Data: Internal Audit Practice and External Audit Theory Section 1: Internal Audit. The Computer Journal, 3(1), pp.10-11. Unegbu, A.O., 2014. Theories of Accounting: Evolution Developments, Income-Determination and Diversities in Use. arXiv preprint arXiv:1411.4633.