Disc Arthroplasty Essay

Degenerative circle malady have been an issue for some individuals as this infection realizes low back agony that appears to incapacitate the working power,  the center adulthood populace (Smeltzer, 2004). In addition to the fact that it brings debilitated personal satisfaction to the individuals who experience the ill effects of it, yet Arvind Kulkarni adds enormous medicinal services costs to the rundown of issues realized by this malady as found in his article entitled Prosthetic Lumbar plate swap for degenerative circle ailment. Spinal combination, which is the clinical administration for degenerative plate ailment, has been scrutinized by a few specialists in the training because of its untoward impacts in the patient’s in general recuperation and lifetime improvement. Pro in the field, Christoph Siepe, distinguished these undesirable impacts as quickened nearby framework degeneration, pseudarthrosis, spinal channel stenosis, and benefactor site bleakness. Nearby fragment degeneration, as referenced by Peter Ullrich in his article entitled Fusion versus Artificial Disk Arthroplasty for Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease, expressed this is the significant inconvenience of spinal combination and the motivation behind why most specialists need this methodology supplanted. Adjoining portion degeneration or ASD happens when mechanical pressure is moved to the contiguous fragment, likewise referenced by Peter Ullrich. In any case, research indicated that this system can be adjusted to show progressively positive outcomes. A front lumbar interbody combination demonstrated a low event of amendment medical procedure required, which implied low recurrence of adjoining fragment degeneration, all called attention to in Mr. Ullrich’s paper.â However, to accomplish this result, Mr. Ullrich pronounced that there ought to be an improvement in tolerant choice and in the method. The patients ought to be those patients having degenerative plate ailment in their fifth lumbar to first sacral fragment, in light of the fact that there is negligible movement at this level. Thusly, he expresses that melding these fragments don't change the patient’s versatility so much.  But not all are fulfilled of this outcome. Specialists and authorities are persistently putting forth attempts to thoroughly changing the essential clinical administration for degenerative circle maladies. Studies have been led, and a few substitution methods were affirmed by the FDA. Diminish Ullrich expressed in his paper that the all out circle trade method was endorsed for clinical use by the FDA in the year 2004 utilizing the Charite counterfeit plate yet for just one degree of the spinal vertebrae, being the L4 †L5 or the L5 †S1. This isn't the first occasion when that an aggregate or halfway circle substitution was finished. The historical backdrop of this method was referenced in an article in a site by Spine-Health that plate core substitution was done first in 1955 by David Cleveland by infusing methyl-acrylic. Since the time at that point, there have two other FDA affirmed items beside the Charite, the site Spine-Health expresses that the Prodisc was endorsed on August 2006 and the Kineflex lumbar on June 2005.  â â â â â â â â â â An all out circle substitution is being depicted by Jose Reyna in his article, Advances in Artificial Disk Technology, as being made out of two bits of plates made of metal that has teeth to have the option to connect itself to the end plates of the vertebral bones above and beneath it. This implies the specific intervertebral plate that is causing torment must be evacuated and supplanted by a fake circle. A few fake plates have been created by different makers in the nation and they just vary in structure and piece. The Charite, as referenced prior, is comprised of a remarkable sliding center with two metal composite end plates. The Prodisc being founded on circular explanations is comprised of cobalt chromium molybdenum composite as expressed in the site Spine-Health. Creators Qi-Bin Bao and Paul Higham built up a hydrogel prosthetic core comprised of PVA powder and a dissolvable combined, as observed on the article, Hydrogel intervertebral circle core with reduced sidelong protruding. The absolute plate substitution method has its focal points and disservices. Significantly after certain models being endorsed by the FDA, it is as yet being surveyed altogether by experts in the field. Charles Rosen and Douglas Kiester report poor outcomes and confusions in the absolute circle substitution method. As it was referenced in their examination, this methodology causes breaks, serious agony, disengagements, expulsion of the embed, aspect joint degeneration, and unexplained radiculopathy. They ascribe these inadequate outcomes to the way that the focal point of revolution of fragmented movement is wrong. Jose Reyna Jr. additionally makes reference to a few disservices of the method in his examination, expressing that the foremost way to deal with the medical procedure can make injury the aorta and the normal iliac vessels, can cause retrograde discharge in men by harming the predominant hypogastric plexus, drain can result from the retroperitoneal approach, and contamination can happen. Be that as it may, he likewise expressed a few focal points, as this strategy is said to keep up scope of movement in greater part of the patients as a drawn out result. There are still a great deal of studies to be led, and patients to be investigated. A multi year study directed by Christoph Siepe et al., entitled Clinical Results of Total Lumbar Disk Replacement With ProDisc II: Three-Year Results for Different Indications, expected to evaluate absolute circle substitution result in patients who really experienced the activity. Their outcomes demonstrated that not all degenerative plate illnesses can be treated with this clinical administration. The best result was found in patients displaying degenerative plate ailment condition in addition to delicate circle herniation or core pulposus prolapse. Result was estimated against the patient’s improvement from their preoperative levels. There were mediocre outcomes from the patients who had bisegmental harms, and a higher complexity rate. Likewise it was referenced that the more youthful patients, all the more explicitly those matured beneath forty displayed preferred result over those more established than forty. Innovation like this is as yet being created, contemplated and adjusted right now. What is significant is that there are individuals out there who care and who attempt to have any kind of effect, regardless of whether it is by concocting, censuring or being the trial individual wherein these new gadgets will be made a reality. References Charles Rosen, Douglas Kiester, Thay Q. Lee: The Potential Biomechanical Etiology for Lumbar Disk Replacement Failures: Review of 24 Patients and the Rationale for Revision . The Internet Journal of Minimally Invasive Spinal Technology. 2007. Volume 1 Number 2. Medscape. (2002). Advance in Artificial Disk Technology. Recovered January 22, 2008 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/445057 Medscape. (2002). Clinical Results of Total Lumbar Disk Replacement With ProDisc II: Three-Year Results for Different Indications. Recovered January 22, 2008 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/542479 Nervous system science India. (2005). Prosthetic Lumbar circle trade for degenerative plate ailment. Recovered January 22, 2008 from http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2005;volume=53;issue=4;spage=499;epage=505;aulast=Kulkarni Neurospine. (no showed year). Combination versus Artificial Disk Arthroplasty for Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease. Recovered January 22, 2008 from http://www.neurospinewi.com/pamphlets/fusionvsartificial.html Patent Storm. (1996). Hydrogel intervertebral circle core with lessened horizontal swelling. Recovered January 22, 2008 from http://www.patentstorm.us/licenses/5534028-fulltext.html Smeltzer, S. furthermore, Bare, B. (2004). Clinical Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Spine-Health. (1997-2007). Lumbar counterfeit plate medical procedure for ceaseless back torment. Recovered January 22, 2008 from http://www.spine-health.com/research/discupdate/counterfeit/artificial01.html

Relative Rates of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Lab Report - 1

Relative Rates of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions - Lab Report Example In SN2 systems, essential alkyl halides responded quicker than tertiary ones while in SN1 component the tertiary alkyl halides responded quicker than essential ones. It was reasoned that aprotic, polar solvents supported SN2 responses while SN1 responses were supported by protic, polar solvents. Nucleophilic replacement responses happen by two significant pathways to be specific SN1 and the SN2 responses (McMurry 228). In all nucleophilic replacement responses, the nucleophile (Nu:- ) responds with the substrate (R-X) and substitutes it for a leaving gathering (X:- ) yielding the item R-Nu. For an impartial nucleophile (Nu:), the item is emphatically charged for charge protection while for a contrarily charged nucleophile (Nu:- ), the item is unbiased (McMurry 228). In SN2, which represents replacement nucleophilic bimolecular, the alkyl halide and the nucleophile are included at the change state (Carey 306). Bond development among carbon and the nucleophile helps in cleavage of the bond among carbon and the leaving gathering. In the changeover position, the carbon iota is mostly clung to the leaving gathering and the approaching nucleophile (Carey 307). Since the nucleophile assaults the substrate from the side that is inverse the attach to the leaving gathering, the instrument prompts the reversal of setup in the resultant item. Various rates are seen when methyl, essential, auxiliary and tertiary alkyl halides experience nucleophilic replacement in SN2 (Carey 310). The rate is quicker in methyl halides than in tertiary halides due to steric impediment offered to the nucleophilic assault by the tertiary halides. In most SN2 responses, the leaving bunch is removed with a negative charge. In this manner, the best leaving bunches are those that produce the most corrals anions (McMurry 233). Among the halides, I-particle is the most responsive while F-particle is the least receptive. Most aprotic polar solvents cause the solvation of the metal counterion that is

Caja Mediterrneo Bank Insolvency Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Caja Mediterrneo Bank Insolvency - Case Study Example The trademark Caja Mediterrã ¡neo began being utilized in 2007. At first the bank utilized the trademark Caja de Ahorros de Alicante y Murcia. A portion of the organizations assimilated to shape CAM incorporate Caja de Ahorros de Torrent, which had been framed in 1906, and Caja de Ahorros Provincial de Alicante y Valencia which was invested in 1991 (‘Caja Mediterraneo and Accenture Deploy Alnova Core Banking Platform’ 2010, Web). By 1975, a few different establishments had joined to shape the present CAM. Such organizations included Caja Rural de Ahorros y Prã ©stamos del Sindicato Catã ³lico Agrã ­cola de Yecla, Monte de Piedad y Caja de Ahorros de Alcoy, Caja de Ahorro y Monte de Piedad de Yecla, Caja de Ahorros de Nuestra Seã ±ora de los Dolores in Crevillent, Caja de Ahorro y Monte de Piedad de Elche, Caja de Ahorros de Novelda, Caja de Ahorros de Nuestra Seã ±ora de Monserrate, Caja de Ahorros del Sureste de Espaã ±a, Caja de Ahorro y Monte de Piedad de Alica nte, and Caja de Ahorro y Monte de Piedad de Jumilla. Others incorporate Caja de Ahorro y Monte de Piedad de Murcia, Caja de Ahorro y Monte de Piedad de Cartagena, and Caja Rural de Ahorros y Prã ©stamos del Sindicato Catã ³lico Agrã ­cola de El Progreso (‘Spain's national bank favors merger of Caja Madrid’ 2010, Web; manta 2012, Web). By December 2007, CAM Bank was viewed as the fourth biggest Spanish reserve funds Bank. The positioning depended on client credits and stores. Additionally, the Bank was positioned the third bigger in term of piece of the overall industry and the quantity of office openings. The bank started in Murcia and Alicante regions and offered banking administrations across Spain. With a system of around 1,100 workplaces, the bank utilized around 7,100 laborers and served more than 3, 300, 000 customers. CAM was for the most part engaged with retail banking. The clients included Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and people. Also, the bank was engaged with the arrangement of administrations, for example, protection just as resource the board (Anon 2011, Web).

My special person essay :: essays research papers

MY SPECIAL PERSON â€Å"When I entered the study hall, for the absolute last time, I glanced around at each and every detail, a large number of which I’d most likely overlooked, for as long as four years. Flying creatures were singing in a synchronized tune as they flew past our homeroom window. There was the regular fragrance of new espresso originating from the teacher’s relax nearby. My cohorts were sitting at their typical work area trusting that the main exercise will start. Be that as it may, something was distinctive today, something wasn’t right. Also, as I entered the study hall it hit me, similar to a concealed rocket made a beeline for my heart†¦ †¦ The quietness. Everyone's eyes were on me, some gave a sorry-you’re-leaving-grin, while others looked enjoyed they were going to hop off the closest window. These were my companions, an extraordinary old companions obviously, they felt like family, I grew up with these individuals and at that point as I gazed into every one of their eyes I understood something, something which had consistently been gazing back at me, these individuals were unique. Each and everybody had something that made them one of a kind and as they stayed there sparkling like a thousand stars, one of them sparkled the most splendid. Her long velvety hair secured half of her face, however I knew she’d been crying, he chestnut shaded eyes attempted to abstain from meeting mine yet when we exchanged looks, I have her a thoughtful grin and she gave back in kind. The remainder of that day was loaded with tears, embraces, an unexpected gathering, games presents and farewells. That day will remain with me until the end of time. Anyway I am happy to state that wasn’t the last time I saw my companions and I’m much increasingly happy to state that wasn’t the last time I saw my closest companion. Its interesting how two individuals, who are associated, become significantly nearer when they’re separated. Luckily Ginevra stayed with me in London twice from that point onward, yet I returned to see her in my old neighborhood consistently. As the years past, and as we developed, our fellowship developed more grounded, similar to an ever-developing tree, sending it’s roots further and more profound into the ground. Consistently she would hang tight for me with great enthusiasm. A few people get exhausted with long far off fellowship, however not her, she would consistently stay by me and never let me down. At the point when I lived in Italy for every one of those nine years I never had the benefit to have any siblings or sisters so I thought about her as my own fragile living creature and blood.

Launch Team How to Build and Manage a Book Launch Team

Dispatch Team How to Build and Manage a Book Launch Team The most effective method to Build and Manage Your Book Launch Team With regards to propelling a top of the line book on Amazon, the greatest influence a writer can put resources into is building a heavenly book dispatch team.Your dispatch group will get a prompt riser duplicate of the book, read through it, and compose a genuine audit to be posted when the book is live.But a dispatch group can be considerably more powerful in different manners too that we will take a gander at in this post.In this post, I will walk you through the means for building, controlling and dealing with your book road group. On the off chance that you follow this framework, you will put resources into the most basic piece of your book dispatch, setting your book up for the drawn out progress it deserves.What is a Book Launch Team?Your dispatch group, otherwise called a road group, is a gathering of individuals who are going to set you up for progress when your book dispatches. They could be fanatics of your past work, perusers of your blog, companions who need to help you, or the individuals in your genius gathering. Also, in a perfect world, a blend of the entirety of the above.The dispatch group massively affects, the achievement of your book dispatch as well as, the drawn out accomplishment of the book. They are a gathering of individuals who are enthusiastic about your book, your image, and they need you to prevail as much as you do.Your work, as the writer of the book, is to direct your group to make a move both before the book is propelled and afterward during the dispatch window. For what reason do you need a book dispatch team?Launch colleagues will assist you with getting surveys during the dispatch and, help you to share the book dispatch just as get downloads for your book. In the event that you have a powerless dispatch, you have frail book deals and you’ll be everlastingly battling to drive traffic towards your book.Your dispatch group will peruse the book before any other individual and set up a legit survey of the work to be post ed during dispatch week. Amazon favors books with audit action. The more Amazon surveys you can get posted, your book climbs the rankings quicker and gets advanced by Amazon under the â€Å"books you additionally may like† section.Reviews likewise increment book deals. On the off chance that you figure out how to get 20-30 surveys in the main week, this would make genuine force for your book rankings. It is the best social confirmation that your book is getting perused and individuals are looking into the substance. The primary concern: Reviews persuade programs to purchase. Amazon will rank your book higher too if there is movement taking place.Building Your Team: Where do I recruit?The question that I regularly get is, â€Å"Where do I discover individuals to join my team?† This is a test on the off chance that you don’t have a lot of a  following and have never propelled a book. Let’s accept this is your first book dispatch and you are searching for individuals to join your dispatch group. Where do we start to manufacture? Who can we ask?Here are a couple of proposals for building a book dispatch team:Make a rundown of 20-30 individuals you can contact directly.These can be business contacts, online connections, or endorsers of your email list. This rundown capacities as your center group, what I call your level 1 dispatch group. They are the most dedicated to your dispatch. Maybe they joined a past dispatch you had and now they need to pursue this one as well.Post to your Facebook/Social Media Platforms/Mastermind Groups.This is the place you can assemble a great deal of your level 2 dispatch colleagues. On the off chance that you are going for a huge dispatch group, this would be the following stage. On the off chance that you need to keep it increasingly close to home and breaking point the quantity of individuals, simply finish the initial step and leave it at that.Keep at the top of the priority list, with your level 2 dis patch group, you could go anyplace from 20-200 individuals join. The explanation we consider it a level 2 gathering is, a large number of the individuals joining may not know you by and by, yet they have an enthusiasm for your book. Be that as it may, the inquiry is, the manner by which submitted are they to following through?It is only a reality that not every person in your group will finish. Possibly they didn’t like the book, they had no opportunity to understand it, or, they were questionable what to do during the dispatch. There is the likelihood that they won’t leave an audit for whatever reasons. This is the reason we must be clear with our dispatch group as to:What moves to takeWhen to make it, and;How to execute the activity planThe best you can do is energize individuals all through the dispatch and keep the weight energy turned on. This is the place group impetuses and offering some incentive will convey at long last. At the point when individuals feel as t hough they are a piece of something significant, they are bound to follow through.Team Incentives: What to offer?This is the piece of the procedure in dispatch assembling that you can truly have any kind of effect to the quality of your group. By adding motivators to what you can give your group, you will expand the dedication of your team.Decide what you will provide for your group to offer quality impetuses that causes them to feel a piece of the team.What would you be able to offer a jump start team?Check out Kevin Kruse’s present â€Å"Sample greeting on fabricate a dispatch team.† In this challenge to join his road group, Kevin presented a heap of motivators to the dispatch group when he distributed 15 Secrets Successful People Know About Time Management. A portion of these advantages included enrollment into a Mastermind Group on Facebook and a selective â€Å"ask me anything† online class before the launch.Likewise Michael Hyatt, when he propelled Living Forward, offered dispatch individuals a restrictive investigate how the book dispatch was organized just as access to a unique 30-minute gathering telephone meeting with him preceding propelling the book. Along these lines, what you can offer your dispatch group is:The computerized variant of the book route before any other individual sees it. This can be in PDF or Mobi document. For making a PDF or mobi record of the book, look at the free bore software.A free printed version of the book conveyed right to your door.A free online class or a facebook Live QA meeting: you can draw near and individual with your group by facilitating a live online class where you talk about the book, get into in the background methodologies of the dispatch, and offer inside strategies that no one else can get.Exclusive access to a private Facebook gathering. Here you can post recordings, share posts, and talk with your group progressively as they get amped up for the launchFree preparing recordings depe ndent on the substance of your bookAdditional complimentary gifts that you need to impart to your team.An advance duplicate of an exercise manual that you will offer subscribersEarly access to course material that won’t be accessible until the book is launched.The objective is to give your group a great deal of significant worth so they realize they are a piece of something significant. This will build the degree of duty you will get from individuals perusing and advancing the book during dispatch week.Building a Quality Launch TeamWhen it comes to dispatch colleagues joining your group, it isn’t about the numbers. It is the nature of the group. It is greatly improved to have 40 individuals who are submitted than 200 that simply join and don’t do anything. You need your group to be included and make a move. In this way, how would you assemble a quality road group completely dedicated to propelling your book to hit status?Here are four methodologies for building a quality jump start team:Reach out to individuals by and by. By reaching individuals you know on an individual premise you can get a strong responsibility from that individual with an individual email.Create an application structure process. This makes a hindrance to section. The individuals who are not kidding players will round out and submit. You can look at an application structure format directly here. In the application procedure you let the potential part realize what is normal and what they will be answerable for. The application procedure makes responsibility and elite access to the dispatch group material.Invite individuals who you have worked with and trust, for example, podcasters, bloggers and influencers, to assist you with the launch.Create a group of submitted commentators and advertisers to set the dispatch ablaze when it takes off.How to Manage Launch Team ExpectationsThis is the point at which you are direct with the dispatch group about what is not out of the or dinary during the dispatch. What activities would you say you are requesting that they do? On what days will they take these activities? What is in question the extent that the accomplishment of the book is concerned.Remember: The achievement of your dispatch plan is basic, and the dispatch group is the exceptionally significant segment to making it happen.Expectations ought to be clarified from the earliest starting point. At the point when you set up a post for timely riser perusers, let them realize that making a move is an unquestionable requirement. This is the enormous ask and what you will anticipate from the group on the off chance that they are chosen to join your launch.Here is the thing that you could ask of your dispatch team:Read the book before the dispatch day. Give criticism in the event that they get on, for example, designing issues, incorrect spellings, etc†¦Write up a legit survey of the book and post it during dispatch week.Share expression of the dispatch through your social stages, referencing the book in a week after week blog entry, and beginning a conversation about the book in talk gatherings. This could likewise incorporate tweets, Facebook posts, or post the spread to Pinterest and Instagram.Share special thoughts inside the dispatch gathering. This is the place a Facebook Group would come in. Individuals can without much of a stretch post thoughts and trade procedures for advancing the book.Take a photograph of you holding up a duplicate of the soft cover. This would necessitate that the soft cover be prepared ahead of time to send to choose colleagues so they have the opportunity to snap the picture before launch.Provide your group with a rundown of move procedures they can make during dispatch week. Let them pick what techniques they like and fits into their calendar. You can empower the group by including a focuses system.The individuals who make a move and complete each special methodology win various focuses. This could prompt accepting significantly more freebies.Launc

The World Today Environmental Health and Water Quality - 275 Words

The World Today: Environmental Health and Water Quality (Essay Sample) Content: Environmental Health and Water QualityStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitutionEnvironmental Health and Water QualityIn the world today, the issue of water reliability has been the main topic of discussion internationally; this is because water resources have been exploited extensively through anthropogenic activities. The life of human beings cannot be imagined without water, therefore, water is very essential to them, and this is not only because of the use of water for consumption but for other essential fields for the humans, such as agriculture, and industrialization. The use of water for purposes such as agriculture and industrial, are excessively impure to be recycled for re-use in consumption, this means that the wide use of water in such fields has led to the deterioration of both the quality and the quantity of water worldwide. Therefore, the bottom-line means that due to the excessive use of water in such activities leads to the scarcity of the resource, and henc e, there must be a solution or suggestions to help tackle such an international matter. This has led to various countries, including US to come up with strategic ideas and decisions to help give direction in helping to solve such an issue, hence the proposed used of treated wastewater. All states in the US do value water quality despite the disparity in water supply and quantity.First, it is important to point out that the health of the human beings is in one way or the other, connected to the quality of water they consume. Water pollution is one of the environmental current issues, as most of the nations have their citizens suffering from infections brought about by drinking contaminated water; these infections include cholera, typhoid, E. coli, and many others. This means that the health of the US citizens would be under great threat if at all the quality of the water was that low. The reason as to why nowadays it is rare to hear of infections caused by consuming contaminated wate r is that the water is treated regularly. According to CITATION Bar05 \l 1033 (Bartram, 2005), nowadays it is difficult to find people use water in its natural state; it has to undergo some sort of treatment before being consumed by the people. For the protection of the health of the people, it calls for special treatment of water, where it undergoes several processes before it has availed for consumption to the people.Treatment and purification of water has been ease by the rapidly growing technology, due to this water can be treated through various processes that would ensure its natural purity. Achievement of naturally pure water is not as easy due to the current environmental problem that are related to the issue of water purity, the industries and agriculture have all contributed to the pollution of water. Therefore, to avoid further pollution of the natural water, there has been a suggesting of treating wastewater and using it in some areas, to save and improve water supply C ITATION Use98 \l 1033 (Use of reclaimed water in municipal drinking-water supplies. Journal of Environmental Health, 1998). Therefore, this would mean that each state, country, or nation may have different standards of water in terms of its quality but all of them are aiming at providing their citizens with clean and healthy water that would be good for their health.At this point globally, it would be sincere to state that water scarcity is the major problem to nearly all the nations, and it may be difficult to ensure a steady supply of pure and clean water to the people. This means that the states and nations may find it costly to supply quality water to their citizens, due to pollution, and hence they have to ensure safety of water to be drunk. Therefore, the states with larger reservoirs for natural water and clean may spend less to the treatment as compared to the states with higher rate of pollution. This would mean that the states that are have lower supply of water due to th e issue of pollution, will have to use more monetary resources in ensuring that there is adequate treatment of the wastewater, to increase the quantity of water for supply to its people. Such states may face many challenges because of the fact that they have scarce water; however, they have the responsibility of supplying clean water for consumption to their citizens. The other states with higher quantity of water supply may...

Cause and Effect Essay on Technology

Cause and Effect Essay on Technology Technology has been part of mans development since the first man took up a dried husk to scoop up water. Over the millenniums technology developed from using stones as rudimentary tools to such developments as sending men to the moon, or probes into our galaxy and beyond. The debate has long raged as to whether technology is the cause or the effect of situations. Water technology, which is vital to mans existence, is an example that mans need drives technology. Early man simply lived beside Lakes Rivers or streams. Their numbers were small and the supply immense renewed every rainy season. In Egypt, the Nile flooded every year depositing silt. However, to grow crops it was necessary to develop technology. This was the cause or reason for their effort. They had this fertile soil, a mighty river of fresh water, but to farm they needed to bring water from the river to the fields. They soon developed a system of canals, and buckets mounted on frames to lift water from the river into the canals. The effects were staggering. Not only did they feed themselves, soon they became the breadbasket of the known world. This had further effect in that it caused businesses to develop, trade in many imports and wealth to pay for it. Finally, it paid for further technological development in areas such as military power. In Europe as populations grew and formed towns water supply was a critical issue. The need for water began to drive technological development. Most these towns started next to a water supply, but as numbers grew, there was not enough. An example was Rome. The city was built on the Tiber River, which met the need. However, as the city grew the Tiber was not sufficient. Distances from the river grew, and pollution from human waste contaminated it. Technology was called for to solve the problem. Roman engineers came up with technology to solve it. Aqueducts were built running from the mountains where there was abundant fresh water. Pumps were designed to lift water, and to push it. Soon Rome was fed with clean water via these aqueducts, some of which survive until today. The effects were many. First, the city could grow unhindered by water restrictions. Rome became the centre of a 1000-year empire, had flush toilets, running water for baths, and fountains throughout the city. After the empire collapsed, it was for the next 1000 years the centre of religious and political power in Europe. In the colonization of the United States the small villages, who drew water from the river they were built beside began to grow. One of the reasons was the waves of new immigrants coming to settle. Villages grew to become towns and cities. Water was essential and new technologies were needed as mega cities emerged. Without water, New York or Los Angeles would not exist and without technology, there would be no water. There are 3.8 million people live in this desert like area and city. Their water comes from other states via aqueducts. The Hoover Dam was built on the Colorado River in Nevada, and water channeled from there to California. The Hoover dam was a technological miracle. Its effect is to supply the mega Californian city Los Angeles with water, and the powerful Californian economy. Without it, Los Angeles could not exist. Water technology is the cause that we have our great mega cities and their wonderful contributions to our societies. Tips for writing this cause and effect essay: To write a cause and effect essay, you need to select an event that resulted in various effects. Explain what the event was, and why it happened. You may need to narrow a broad topic. Do this by choosing a category that interests you. Do your research and once you have gathered your material analyze it. Divide it into two sections, the cause and effect. Create a simple thesis statement and the start by introducing the cause. Once you have clearly explained it, then start to explain the effects in a logical manner. Wrap it up with a simple summary of your points. Hire an essay writer online at AdvancedWriters.com and have your cause and effect paper written from scratch. High-quality custom essay writing with on-time delivery.

The Impact Of Religion On Human Culture - 1200 Words

For centuries, human culture has been influenced in a multitude of ways by many means but none have had such an impact as religion. It has had countless wars waged in its name, even to this day. Billions believe in some divine being(s) that transcends the ugliness of humanity that s omnipotent and omniscient. Religion became a guide and a representation of how our lives should be led. However, history has brought evidence that made it possible for this notion to be criticized and rather, flipped. The majority of the human race believes that religion shaped our culture but it is rather the other way round, in that the culture of our ancestors, the Mesopotamians and the Hebrews shaped religion to explain the natural world and as a reflection of their lives and tribulations. During the age of Mesopotamia, climate change was still a key factor in the survival of civilizations but did not work on a global scale as it did before during cooling and warming periods. One day of bad weather could destroy a year’s worth of crops for a family and displace them without any means of self sustainability. It would be a millennium until food could be brought to the area again. To the average human living in Mesopotamia at the time, this would have been chaos, living in fear for when everything that was earned would be destroyed. This erratic behavior of nature could not be summed up as one god for there were no rhythms or patterns to be discern so to compensate for that, each aspect ofShow MoreRelatedReligion Is A Very Diverse Centre Of Beliefs Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesReligion is a very diverse centre of beliefs that humans have had for thousands of years. It has influenced actions and events in history on a monumental scale. Religion has created culture, countries, and most importantly, our morals. What defines religion is a spiritual belief that a group of people have. With all the good religion has created in this world, it’s like comparing 100 good deeds with their 100 bad counterparts, the good is always outweighed by evil. Religion is usually recognizedRead MoreThe Political System Of A Nation Impact The Human Identity ( Culture ) Of Families1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe project will be evaluating the extent which the political system impacts families in Israel. Sources such as memoirs, articles, and interviews will be used to gain the information necessary to answer these questions. The change in political system within Israel altered the way the average Israeli family lives to this day. Example Outline To what extent does the political system of a nation impact the human identity (culture) of families in Israel? 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The Importance of the Eye in Toni Morrisons The Bluest...

The Importance of the Eye in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye In Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, the characters eyes are everything. The word eye appears over and over with rich adjectives that describe color, movement, and nuance of expression to signify a characters mood and psychological state. Morrison emphasizes the paradox of eyes: Eyes are at times a window to enlightenment, however, what eyes see is not always objective truth, but instead a distortion of reality into what a person is able to perceive. The concept of the bluest eye symbolizes unattainable beauty based on the blonde-haired, blue-eyed model that permeates 1940s Lorain, Ohio. Morrison initially presents the concept with a literary†¦show more content†¦The narrative shift also serves to compare how Pecola and Claudia react to the concept of blue eyes as the ultimate beauty and shows the psychological strength of each girl. Morrisons story asserts that children, by nature of their diminutive size and inability to contribute economically to the family, are societys weakest members. Children play a prominent role in The Bluest Eye because they are the vulnerable recipients of their parents psychological manifestations. At some point in early life, every child feels weak and unimportant; ignored, even. But there are gradations of neglect, and these variations are explored in the novel. Claudia expresses again and again how marginalized she and her sister perceived themselves to be, Adults do not talk to us - they give us directions (10). When Claudia thinks back to a childhood illness she suffered, she remembers her mothers irritation at finding her sick in bed. Claudia questions the reliability of her perceptions of pain and confusion, But was it really like that? As painful as I remember? Only mildly. Love...eased up into that cracked window (12). 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This is especially the case when talking about the history of African-Americans in the United States and the consequences of racial injustice which they faced. Toni Morrison shares her thoughts on this topic in her novel The Bluest Eye through the use ofRead More Morrisons Bluest Eye Essay: The American Way1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bluest Eye: The American Way  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Ownership, class structures, and consumerism go hand in hand. Morrison illustrates this throughout the novel and in the characters identities. Many of the characters identify themselves based on material possessions: the simple ownership of a car, the use of consumer products, and property ownership. Although African Americans may take these things for granted now, in the early 1900s this would be considered a major accomplishment. There isRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1587 Words   |  7 PagesRussell M. Nelson once said, â€Å"We were born to die and we die to live.† Toni Morrison correlates to Nelson’s quote in her Nobel Lecture of 1993, â€Å"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.† In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, she uses language to examine the concepts of racism, lack of self-identity, gender roles, and socioeconomic hardships as they factor into a misinterpretation of the American Dream. Morrison illustrates problems thatRead MoreThe Bluest Eye Analysis Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison strongly ties the contents of her novel to its structure and style through the presentation of chapter titles, dialogue, and the use of changing narrators. These structural assets highlight details and themes of the novel while eliciting strong responses and interpretations from reade rs. The structure of the novel also allows for creative and powerful presentations of information. Morrison is clever in her style, forcing readers to think deeply about the novel’s heavyRead More`` Like Water For Chocolate And The Bluest Eye ``1696 Words   |  7 PagesLaura Esquivel and Toni Morrison portray the limitations that are placed on young women as a result of expectations of the female’s role of what it is to be a woman of a particular race in family or society, through their enthralling novels, Like Water for Chocolate and The Bluest Eye. The role of being a woman is heavily suppressed upon females in our society and this concept is analysed in different notions of two very different women with different personal worlds and self values. The idea ofRead MoreThe Bluest Eyes By Toni Morrison984 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bluest Eyes by Toni Morrison is a short novel that revolves around a young girl named Pecola Breedlove who is a victim to incest and rape by her own father Cholly. In the town Lorain, Ohio Pecola becomes friends with a young nine year old girl named Claudia MacTeer and her ten year old sister Frieda. The MacTeer family takes in Pecola Breedlove when her father Cholly attempts to burn her house down and hits her mother, Pauline. Pecola is described as a quiet and soft spoken. Her life at home

Different Levels of Civilization in the Odyssey Essay...

If we compare the three different places, Phaeacia, Cyclops island and Ithaca in Homers The Odyssey, we can claim that these islands are quite different from one another both in terms of their nature and the inhabitants way of living. Phaeacians, for many apparent reasons, is the most civilized society and they have best kind of nature and wealth. People of Ithaca follow Phaeacians with slight differences and Cyclops comes last in the sorting because of being completely uncivilized. The garden of Phaeacia is insanely wealthy. The land is so fertile that all kinds of fruits are abundant in the garden....Olives swelling sleek and dark/ And the yield of all these trees will never flag or die/ neither in winter nor in summer, a†¦show more content†¦And you yourself, sitting among the princes, debating points at your council... (Homer, 170) It illustrates that they have meeting place, ruling body to debate issues. Womens role in that society is another verification of their modernity. Women are more self-determining and dynamic in Phaeacian culture. They have their proper share in the way of civilization; they are weaving all the time because there is no other way of getting clothing. And their king, Alcinous, is quite broadminded because he let his daughter go far away to wash clothing with other girls (170) and he says, I am hardly a man for reckless, idle anger. / Balance is best in all things(Homer, 189) when he learns his daughter and Odysseus have met before but theyve decided to come to the city separately lest there may be rumors. Their queen, Arete, is highly honorable and she is the dominant one in ruling. Nausicaa, the daughter of the queen tells Odysseus, If only the queen will take you to her heart, / then there is hope that you will see your loved ones, emreach your own grand house, your native land at last (Homer, 178). Additionally, Phaeacians give importance to cleanliness, which is one of the indispensable requirements of civilization. They wash their clothes and bathe regularly. Moreover, Phaeacians are pious people. Thats to say they know the rules of Gods and obey them respectfully. They make proper sacrifices to Gods to appease their anger andShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad The Iliad and the Odyssey are two of the best Greek epics written by Homer. Despite their popularity, almost nothing is known about the author beyond the existence of his masterpieces. Surprisingly enough no concrete evidence of his existence is available; not even to confirm the same person created the two works. The authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey were debated even in the times of the ancient Greeks. Many scholars have arguedRead MoreHomer’S Two Tales, The Iliad And The Odyssey, Are Both1749 Words   |  7 Pagestwo tales, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are both incredibly well known and widely taught across the world and at many different levels of education. Some call Homer the â€Å"greatest poet to ever live† and although this can be disputed his works truly speak for themselves and have braved the test of time quite well. This paper will cover who/whom Homer is as a person, or persons, and the time period of his writings, the truths versus the dramatization s of the Iliad and Odyssey, how the author’s perspectiveRead More Essay on Homers Odyssey: Foreshadowing the Homecoming869 Words   |  4 Pages The Odyssey:nbsp; Foreshadowing the Homecoming nbsp; The majority of the Odyssey is an account of Odysseus’ adventures trying to reach his homeland of Ithaka. Several of these adventures are false homecomings, the most prominent of which is his imprisonment on Kalypso’s island. This false homecoming is strikingly different from what one would expect of Odysseus’ real homecoming, but similar enough for parallels to be drawn between the two. Homer uses this false homecoming to foreshadow Odysseus’Read MoreThe Potential Effects of Developing Technology Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesand develop effectively as demonstrated by the society in Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World; however technology can be a double edged sword in the sense that it has the power to destroy as demonstrated in Arthur C. Clarke’s novel 2001 A Space Odyssey. When this is coupled with its own unreliability, technology can be a challenge for those who seek to control and master its enigmas. 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Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer - 1786 Words

Endless miles of powder white snow, piercing bitter winds, and white-capped mountains, a continuing stretch of shimmering sand, relentless heat of a blazing sun, and high jagged cliffs, or a warm comfortable couch, a big blanket, a bag of chips, and Netflix. If asked which of these three would bring them happiness, many would undoubtedly say the third choice. But the book Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer tells the story of a young man, Chris McCandless, who if asked the same question, would choose the first two promptly. Chris McCandless, raised in the suburb of Washington D.C, left his home and started his own journey wandering all across North America in search of adventure after graduating from Emory University in 1990. In April 1992, he reached his biggest goal when he hitchhiked to Alaska and lived in the wild. Four months later, hikers and hunters found his S.O.S note and his dead body. But his inspiring story, as well as many others like it, have proven that to find happiness , it is necessary that a person leave the conformity of everyday life and find simplicity and excitement in the challenges of adventures and new experiences. When Chris left for his journey, he abandoned the ordinary life of security and conformity that he believed was damaging to his adventurous spirt. A big example of security and conformity for Chris was college. In his senior year of high school, Chis had told his parents that he didn’t plan on going to college (Krakauer). 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Krakauer fully emerged himself into the study of McCandless’ life’s adventures and soon developed a deep understanding of who he was and how he impacted to world. Krakauer connected with McCandless in anRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer946 Words   |  4 Pagescompelling novel â€Å"Into The Wild† by Jon Krakauer the character and intelligence of the youth in men is questioned. Through the pieced together 200 page novel we are introduced to Christopher Johnson McCandless also known as â€Å"Alex Supertramp†. A ripe 24 years of age he chose to question our reality and his meaning of life that is given to us by hitchhiking across America to the Alaskan wilderness, where after four months in the last frontier he is found dead. Krakauer throughout the novel shows thatRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1330 Words   |  6 Pagesshared.† - Jon Krakauer Into the wild. Jon Krakauer, the author of Into the Wild told the story of Chris McCandless. Chris escaped reality and went to go live off the land in Alaska, hoping to live a simpler life. In the novel, Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandless shared a similar philosophy with Jack London, as they both have a strong passion for Alaska, they both appreciated they beauty of nature, and both wanted to be reborn. In the novel, Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandlessRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1349 Words   |  6 PagesSummary Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer is a true story about Chris McCandless who is found dead in the Alaskan wild during September 1992. After discovering that his father had a secret secondary family when Chris was young, Chris pushes away his friends and family and eventually isolates himself. He obtains $25,000 from his parents by lying about attending law school and drives away from home, deserting his real name. 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Krakauer then compared Chris to Everett Reuss. They both changed their names and they both disappeared. Chris applied for an ID as Alex Supertramp and found a job in Los Angeles. New York Times published about Alex’s death. Jim Gallien and Wayne WesterbergRead MoreThe Wild By Jon Krakauer1522 Words   |  7 Pagesvictories.† (Richard M. Nixon). In his investigative biography, Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer, expresses that even though young people can be ignorant and take treacherous risks, these can be used as knowledge enhancers and can be life changers. Krakauer gives us insight by giving examples of what risk really are, how people take them, and how it actually affects those people. 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He was sympathetic to McC andless, based on Krakauers sense of a shared experience in their youth and up until McCandless eventual death and Krakauers perceived near death experience on the Devils Thumb. I believe the author’s main point and perspective was formed from his own experience and relationship with his father. While the situations were basically reversed with Chris not approving of his father and Lewis Krakauer disappointed in Jon for not

IT Professional and Society for Group or Culture - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIT Professional and Society for Group or Culture. Answer: Introduction Ethics are the certain and specific rules and regulations of conduct that are recognized and identified with respect to a specific class of human activities or a specific group or culture (Frederickson and Rohr 2015). I have learnt from the presentations and tutorials that ethics are the right and the correct thing to be done by social system. We often face several societal or peer disapproval while following ethical ways. However, morals are certain habits or principles with respect to the correct or wrong conducts (Dolgoff, Harrington and Loewenberg 2012). According to Professor Kimberly Blackerby, morals can be defined as the procedure of the working of moral with respect to an individuals principles and ideals. When a person is involved in wrong deeds, I can clearly say that he is morally wrong. From the presentation on information technology ethics and morals, I have learnt the information technology professionals or the IT professionals should be ethically and morally correct i n their work place, so that they do not take any wrong route for their success in the organization. The following report outlines the basic concept of ethics and morality, especially in the sector of information technology. I have understood clearly that IT ethics is extremely important for the IT sector. The report that I have provided is a reflection of the presentations of Professor Kimberly Blackerby (Frankfurt 2013). The report given by me understand the social impact of information technology and the social responsibility of IT professionals, critically review the IT professions Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct, and develop a personal ethical framework, and to understand the role of the IT professional and the legal and moral responsibility they have to that profession and society. Discussion IT Ethics The word Ethics is derived from a Greek word ethos. The word ethos has the meaning of habit, custom and the distinct way of living (Eshleman 2014). In simple words, ethics can be defined as the practice or the discipline to apply value to the behavior of human beings. This results into reasonable conduct. It is a specific branch of ethics, which deals with the relation between the organization and utilization of information with various moral codes and ethical standards. I have learnt from the tutorials and the presentations that IT ethics or information technology ethics can be defined as the application of the four classical principles of ethics for the utilization of the computer technology (Otim et al., 2012). There are several ethical problems that are related to IT. The first problem is the privacy. I have understood that this privacy problem occurs whenever there is lack of security. Moreover, I have also known that other IT related problem include the physical addresses and t he properties of IP (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). The illegal access to the computers, the interference of the systems without the permission of the user, misuse of the devices and electrical fraud are also considered as ethical problems in information technology sector. Ethical Responsibilities I have learnt from my tutorials and presentations that ethical responsibilities are the certain duties that an individual should follow in his/her life. He/she should be on the correct path for achieving their goals and objectives in life (Bonjak and Marui? 2012). Moreover, he has various responsibilities towards his family, friends and acquaintances. These social responsibilities should also be ethical and are also claimed as ethical responsibilities. From the tutorials and presentations, I got to know that the ethical responsibilities can be at various levels like the professional level, work level and business level. An individual should be ethically and morally correct while performing all the ethical and moral responsibilities at these several levels. Again the ethical responsibilities are also dependent on the codes of ethics and codes of conduct in several organizations (Maryniak 2012). These ethical conducts help in understanding the behavior and character of an employee. I h ave known that there are various questions that are related to ethics in an organization. These questions include time and money managers usually spend on the privacy sector for the protection of their personal data and information, and the portion of the knowledge of information technology that is belonging to the organization and the knowledge of the information technology that is related to an employee (Smythe 2012). The other ethical questions include whether the system owner is reliable for the security or not and the bulk amount of information that is to be collected. Codes of Conduct I have known that codes of conduct are set of certain rules that outline the social and economic standards, regulations, practices and responsibilities that help in conducting all types of ethical tasks and activities. When an individual follows the codes of conduct, he or she is ethically or morally correct in his terms and life (BEEmsTERBoER 2016). Even these codes of conduct are followed in the organizations by all the employees or are expected to follow in the organizations. There are several and various common traits with these codes of conduct. These are as follows: i) Integrity: My professor helped me to understand that integrity is the most important feature in the codes of conduct. ii) Ethical Principles: The ethical principles are those principles that are followed by any individual for staying on the ethical path. iii) Values: Values are another common trait with codes of conducts. The values of an individual should be correct. iv) Professional Behavior: A person should be ethical in his professional field and this is another common trait with the codes of conduct (Speight 2016). v) Responsibilities of Individual/Company: I have also learnt that the responsibilities of an individual or the company should be ethical. Stakeholders From the presentations and tutorials, I understood and identified the stakeholders of an organization. In an IT organization, the stakeholder is a person impacted by the work or project of information technology (Maryniak 2012). The various stakeholders of a company are as follows: i) Clients: The clients or the customers are the most important stakeholders of an organization as they are responsible for the overall positive impact on the organization. ii) Managers, Directors, Senior Level Staff: These are the top level management of an organization and the all the important decisions are taken by these people. iii) Employees or Contractors: The employees or the contractors are responsible for the overall growth and dev elopement of the organization. iv) Communities: The communities again have an extremely strong impact on any organization. v) Stockholders, Investors: The investors invest their money in the business and thus they are responsible for the profit or loss of the organization. vi) Competitors: I have learnt that the competitors of an organization help to work more actively in the market and make their positions (Bonjak and Marui? 2012). Therefore, they have an extremely strong impact on the organization. Software Companies: The software companies again have a strong impact on the organization Other Support Groups: The other support groups are the contracts and accounting groups (Smythe 2012). These people deal with the overall finance department of the organization and thus have a strong impact on the organization. Cross Cultural Issues The cross cultural issues or problems create major problems in any organization. I have learnt from the presentations and tutorials from my professors that these cross cultural issues or problems are nothing but the several cultural factors arise in the several environments of work. The main problems arise when there is a rift between the regional workplace and the global workplace (Tsourvakas 2015.). In some cases, these types of problems occur when there is an outsourcing in the several regions. The other problems or issues in the work place occur because of the several dilemmas in ethics. These issues even affect the environment of the workplace. I am providing the description of the above mentioned cross cultural factors in the following paragraphs. Different Work Environments: These types of issues or problems occur due to several and various reasons. The main reasons due to these problems and issues include the religious practices and beliefs, the historical factors (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). Moreover, the beliefs from the upbringing and overall culture of an individual are also major reasons for these types of problems. The language barrier is another major reason for this type of cross cultural issues. Global vs Regional Workplaces: From the tutorials given by my professor, I understood that the various regulations and laws are the main reasons for the rift in the global and regional workplaces. Moreover, the various ethical decisions are also responsible for this. These decisions can be different for the global workplace and the regional workplace (Perez-Batres et al. 2012). I have understood that every country has its own culture and cultural values. The views of the individual persons and the roles and the responsibilities of any individual are responsible for the rift in the global and the regional workplaces. The work ethics and the time zone difference are other factors. Outsourcing in Different Regions: This is one of the major problem in the cross culture. The main reasons for this problem are the ethics with the labor laws, the holiday or the work schedules. Time can be the main problem in this type of cross cultural issues (BEEmsTERBoER 2016). Moreover, I have learnt that the cultural barriers and differences are other important causes for the outsourcing in the different regions. Ethical Dilemmas: This is again an important reason for the cross cultural issues or problems (Bonjak and Marui? 2012). The dilemmas in the ethics and the beliefs for taking the correct decisions are the major causes for the cross cultural issues. Organizational Responsibilities of IT Professionals The organizational responsibilities are the most important factor for any information technology professional (Speight 2016). My professor helped me to understand the basic roles and responsibilities that an IT professional have towards his workplace. These responsibilities include the control and management of the workplace and the also the responsibilities towards the clients, colleagues and employers. The main responsibility that an IT professional has towards his workplace or organization is to deliver maximum production to the workplace (Tai and Chuang 2014). I have understood that it is the duty of that individual to know and understand their roles and responsibilities perfectly and execute them properly. Types of IT Roles My professor helped me to understand the several and different types of information technology or IT roles in an organization. There are various types of roles. They are as follows: i) Website Developers or App Developers ii) Systems Consultants or Computer Consultants Database Services iv) Network Administrators v) Security Consultants vi) IT Support Services Project Management Software Developers Systems Procurement ix) Transactional Internet Services x) Cloud Service Providers I have understood that almost all organizations have the above mentioned roles in their IT department (Perez-Batres et al. 2012). ACS Code of Professional Conduct From the lectures and the tutorials provided by my professor, I have also gained knowledge about the ACS Code of Professional Conduct (Baker 2014). These codes of conduct comprises of six main features. They are as follows: i) The Primacy of the Public Interest ii) The Enhancement of the Quality of Life Honesty iv) Competence v) Professional Development vi) Professionalism These above mentioned factors are the major reasons for the codes of conduct in the professional background. These are known as the ACS Codes of Professional conduct (BEEmsTERBoER 2016). My lecturer helped me in understanding this complex chapter easily with his lecture. Corporate Social Responsibility The Corporate Social Responsibility or the CSR is the main factor or feature for the initiatives of any corporation or individual for the welfare of the society or the environment. This responsibility is expected to be found in every individual or organization as they are the parts of the society (Hopkins 2012). I got to know that these responsibilities have strong impact on the society. There are six major principles involved in corporate social responsibility. These principles are as follows: i) Purpose: The purpose is to identify the need or the requirement of the corporate social responsibility. ii) Values: The values are the values of the global or the overall social responsibilities. Method: The method involves the way of the corporate social responsibility is executed. iv) Research: The research section is based on concepts or the empirical. v) Partnership: The partnership involves the collaboration and the involvement with the businesses (Jin, Drozdenko and DeLoughy 2013). vi) Dialog: The communications with the several and the various stakeholders on the problems of the global social responsibility and the sustainability. These above mentioned factors are the major factors of performing the corporate social responsibility (Luning 2012). My professor has explained this CSR with relevant examples of Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. Conclusion Therefore, from the report given above, I can simply conclude that Ethics are the certain and specific rules and regulations of conduct that are recognized and identified with respect to a specific class of human activities or a specific group or culture. I have learnt from the presentations and tutorials that ethics are the right and the correct thing to be done by social system. We often face several societal or peer disapproval while following ethical ways. However, morals are certain habits or principles with respect to the correct or wrong conducts. According to Professor Kimberly Blackerby, morals can be defined as the procedure of the working of moral with respect to an individuals principles and ideals. When a person is involved in wrong deeds, I can clearly say that he is morally wrong. From the presentation on information technology ethics and morals, I have learnt the information technology professionals or the IT professionals should be ethically and morally correct in th eir work place, so that they do not take any wrong route for their success in the organization. The above report describes about the concept of ethics and IT ethics and morals. I have understood clearly that IT ethics is extremely important for the IT sector. The report that I have provided is a reflection of the presentations of Professor Kimberly Blackerby. The report given by me understand the social impact of information technology and the social responsibility of IT professionals, critically review the IT professions Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct, and develop a personal ethical framework, and to understand the role of the IT professional and the legal and moral responsibility they have to that profession and society. Professor Kimberly Blackerby has helped me to clear my doubts and clarifications regarding IT ethics and morals with his presentations. References Baker, R., 2014. Codes of conduct. InHandbook of Global Bioethics(pp. 551-579). Springer Netherlands. BEEmsTERBoER, P.L., 2016. Codes of Ethics.Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene-E-Book, p.65. Bonjak, L. and Marui?, A., 2012. Prescribed practices of authorship: review of codes of ethics from professional bodies and journal guidelines across disciplines.Scientometrics,93(3), pp.751-763. Dolgoff, R., Harrington, D. and Loewenberg, F.M., 2012.Brooks/Cole Empowerment Series: Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice. Cengage Learning. Eshleman, A., 2014. Moral responsibility. Frankfurt, H.G., 2013. Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility.The Philosophy of Free Will: Essential Readings from the Contemporary Debates, pp.139-148. Frederickson, H.G. and Rohr, J.A., 2015.Ethics and public administration. Routledge. Hopkins, M., 2012.The planetary bargain: Corporate social responsibility matters. Routledge. Jin, K.G., Drozdenko, R. and DeLoughy, S., 2013. The role of corporate value clusters in ethics, social responsibility, and performance: A study of financial professionals and implications for the financial meltdown.Journal of business ethics,112(1), pp.15-24. Luning, S., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for exploration: Consultants, companies and communities in processes of engagements.Resources policy,37(2), pp.205-211. Maryniak, I., 2012. Codes of conduct.Index on Censorship,41(1), pp.85-95. Otim, S., Dow, K.E., Grover, V. and Wong, J.A., 2012. The impact of information technology investments on downside risk of the firm: alternative measurement of the business value of IT. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(1), pp.159-194. Perez-Batres, L.A., Doh, J.P., Miller, V.V. and Pisani, M.J., 2012. Stakeholder pressures as determinants of CSR strategic choice: Why do firms choose symbolic versus substantive self-regulatory codes of conduct?.Journal of business ethics,110(2), pp.157-172. Smythe, V., 2012. Codes of ethics.Applied Ethics. Ed. Peter Bowden. Melbourne: Tilde UP,62. Speight, J.G., 2016 Codes of Ethics.Ethics in the University, pp.25-47. Tai, F.M. and Chuang, S.H., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), p.117. Tsourvakas, G., 2015. Codes of Conduct. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y. and Xu, X., 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.

Auditing Theory and Risk Assessment Practice Free Sample

Questions: 1. List and discuss several factors that would have contributed to an increased subjective risk assessment at the financial statement level. Also, identify which of these factors may be identified during the strategic business risk assessment. 2.Inherent risk factors that would have contributed to an increased inherent risk assessment at the account balance level. 3.Assessment of the issue of going concern as either low, medium or high. Answers: Introduction Examination of business financial operation through auditing has been a major concern in the line of business. For any business entity to identify its level of growth and development there must be a proper assessment conducted in the firm. Most of the operations in the economic sector highly depend on the nature of auditing, therefore, several principles have then been developed to assist in the elimination of risks and perils which may be accrued during auditing (Lpez and Peters 2012). These hypothesis have been designed by worlds financial reporting framework establishments such as GAAP and IFRS to direct auditing practices. Several policies have also been developed to assist auditors in making corrections on the risks which may face them during financial assessment. The way of examining and duty of review group guarantees the accomplishment of an organization inside the business or worldwide business sector. In the later past, hypotheses like going concern has been produced. Usage and routine of these stipulated issues stay in the hands of examiners and the leading group of administration of any given entity. The extent of this paper explores the use of these present issues in One.Tel Company in Australia. The organization has been in operation in media transmission industry since May 1995 in the wake of being propelled in Sydney. The paper further examines natural danger in the organization budgetary reports and the issue of going concern. 1. Understanding of Inherent Risk Inherent risk is one of the review dangers oversaw under risk evaluation. Review hazard includes three sorts of dangers. These dangers are inherent danger, control dangers and the detective hazard. Assessment risks is considered as the result of the three dangers as shown previously. It might be experienced amid evaluating execution which for this situation is One.Tel Telecommunication Company. Inherent risk is subsequently a segment of the review which comes as a consequence of material misquote inside the money related articulation. Incorrectness happens in an organization's assessment reports due to underutilization of important control measures (Chung et al. 2012). Inherent dangers emerge for the most part because of the mistake of oversights in the adjustments of the organization books of records. On account of One.Tel Company, intrinsic dangers may have emerged because of disappointments and poor utilization of the control measures. The event of disappointments because of inher ent might be as an aftereffect of oversight and fake practice during auditing. Inherent risk can be high or low within an organizations financial reports depending on the prevailing business environments. Some of the factors which may lead to high inherent risks are as discussed below. Factors Which Affect Inherent Risk at the Financial Report Level Legitimacy of Company Administrators The expansion in inherent risk in One.Tel Telecommunication Company might be as a consequence of the inadequacy of the leading group of the Directorate. The organization's administration is made of nine individuals having distinctive powers and benefits. The board is made up of five none-official individuals shaping up most of the board individuals. There are other four official individuals having a full order to everything inside the organization (Coetsee 2010). The rate at which the inherent risk is increasing in One.Tel media transmission organization is high as indicated by the case of study. The board of management is committed to a great deal of obligations which includes: approval of corporate and budgetary procedures, distinguishing and addressing issues of great concern confronting One.Tel as an organization, checking on and observing administration procedures and reporting instruments, regulating money related execution and arrangement of the senior administration group. Th e organization has developed as far as possible where the administration group of nine personalities can't meet every one of their commitments. The chiefs will probably conceal their poor notorieties, along these lines, neglecting to create important articulations amid evaluating prompting an expansion in the characteristic danger due to poor administration. Management Understanding, Alertness and Instabilities During Financial Assessment Period The wastefulness in the administration of the organization and absence of learning encourages wrong readiness of the budgetary report prompting an increment in the inherent risk. Once the examiner recognizes standard workforce turnover in basic administration areas, there is possibilities of arising inherent risk in light of the fact that honest identities are prone to leave their official positions as opposed to proliferate some extortion. This generally happens when the organization extends quickly as reflected on account of One.Tel Telecommunication Company (Herda and Lavelle 2012). Unusual Pressure on Organization Management There may be inducements for administration to misstate the financial report increasing the inherent risk. The incentives in can be either from the internal environment or the external environment (Kerler and Brandon 2010). The incentives may be cash flow problems, poor liquidity rationing, poor operating results due to management limitation and work overstretch and connection of management compensation pay schemes tied to share capital and earnings. This may lead to an increase in the inherent risk since management may be induced to misstate operating and financial statements to acquire some bonus. Nature of the Kind of Venture One.Tel is Operating Various issues have been acknowledged in the business or industry in which One.Tel Company operates. The company has a complex investment organization, which is an aid to increase inherent risk. The existence of related-party transactions such as the company shareholders would also increase inherent risk as the operations are not with the self-regulating party (Al Nawaiseh and Jaber 2015). The company has got capital share transactions which require a lot of financial know-how to audit since such operations are complicated. The company operates in larger geographical context and generates a lot of income through sales. In review of the given case, One.Tel Company gained huge sum of money in the previous trading period. The company received a total income of $687.2 million where $429.4 million revenue came from Australia, $144.7 million UK, $15.1million France, $ 36.6 Netherlands, Hong Kong $39.2 and $ 13.2 million from other trading regions. This indicates how Telecommunication compa nies have probably recompenses until they inaugurated a standing, and a trustworthy income source inherent risk will keep on rising. Telecommunication industry is facing a challenge which requires a company in the industry to apply controls mechanism to be stable and remain relevant in the industry. Since new economies and unstable economies result in high inherent risk than stable economies. Factors Affecting the Industry in which the Entity Operates Variations in commercial and competitive environments would be anticipated to have a significant influence on the inherent risk of an entity like one.tel in the telecommunication industry. Factors such as imbalance in the revenue and growth in some telecommunication service providers may lead to a rise in the inherent risk during financial statement preparations. Throughout risk assessment stage the company audit team goes through the risks identified like the inherent risk discussed above. The team or the auditor evaluates the factors of the risks through fair evaluation (Martin 2013). Evaluation of risks results into two types of risks which in this case is an inherent risk. The identified risk is a component of material misstatement of the financial statement motivated by several factors. Factors relating to fraud can be identified during strategy development process whereas those factor that increase inherent risk due to fraud identifiable via the AU section 316. Accounts likely to Require Adjustment When the books of accounts are being adjusted to fit to the demands of business in the recent trading period there is likeness of errors to occur. These errors may be due to omissions, oversight, imaginary conclusions by accountants or as a result of errors carried forward. In such situations the rate of inherent risk is considered to be high as a product of errors. Complexity of Fundamental Transactions If the deal during a trading period is complicated, it is likely that there will be an increase in inherent risk. In consideration of One.Tel Telecommunication Company, the books of accounts indicates complex types of transactions such as the shareholder's inequity, reserves and dividend. Challenging transactions are prone to errors as they are difficult to understand leading to high inherent risk at the accounting level. Conclusion Involved in Determining Account Balances The kind of judgment made by the auditor during the process of balancing of auditors is likely to influence inherent risk. In case the account report on a given transaction may be induced by some factors within the company (Reichelt and Wang 2010). These judgments can be affected by the type of operation and the management pressure. Susceptibility of Assets to Loss or Misappropriation The susceptibility of the companys assets to loss or misappropriations leads to increased inherent risk at the accounting level. During the transaction entries, it is evident that simple misappropriation of an asset result into accelerated inherent risk. For instance taking misplacement of an asset to liability may lead to an increase in the inherent risk (Herd and Lavelle 2014). The Occurrence of Unusual and Complex Transactions, Particularly at or near Year-End The manifestation of substantial trades during the trading period has a possible increase the inherent risk (Skinner and Srinivasan 2012). When an unfamiliar transaction occurs precisely towards the end of a trading period, there are high chances of errors in the books of accounts. Such different operations may be a challenge to the auditor and accountants and may result in high inherent risk. Transactions not Subject to Usual Processing The degree of an upturn in the inherent risk is high at the bookkeeping level when we make dealings which require unfamiliar processing. In the event of such case the auditor of a business entity like One.Tel Telecommunication Company may make mistakes leading to an increase in inherent risk as a result of limited knowledge of such transactions. 3. The ongoing concern builds on the auditors' assessment whether low, medium or high in correlation to inherent risk and control risk (Francis 2011). The detection risk during the evaluation is maintained at the lowest level to keep the audit risk at the recommended rate. Minimum detection risk can be accomplished through scope test enhancement. Due to the argument, it is evident that the going concern can be either high, medium or low based on the three type of risk. The issue of going concern in relation to One.Tel Companys case can be considered to be high. Inherent in the companys financial statement is deemed to be high since the company operates in a highly controlled industry. In this situation, the companys going concern is considered to be high (Chang, Dasgupta and Hilar 2009). Other factors such as the detective risk and control risk are seen to be high according to the nature of the business entity. In application of the knowledge acquired it is clearly evident that the g oing concern can be high, low or medium. Conclusion It is clear from the above discussion that the rate of going concern depends more on the kind of risks in the financial statement. In the event of low audit risk, the nature of going concern remains low whereas when the types of a risk is medium or high, the going concern is either low or high. Even though the assumption may be correct, it is hard to regulate the following circumstances that may lead to the continuous application of a going concern (Knechel et al. 2012). The nature of a going concern in accompany depends on the application of the stipulated financial framework. The above discussed issues should therefore be given proper assessment as per the financial stipulated framework of GAAP and IFRS. References Al Nawaiseh, M.A.L. and Jaber, J., 2015. Auditing subsequent events from the perspective of auditors: study from Jordan. International Journal of Financial Research, 6(3), p.p78. Chang, X., Dasgupta, S. and Hilary, G., 2009. The effect of auditor quality on financing decisions. The Accounting Review, 84(4), pp.1085-1117. Chung, J.O., Cullinan, C.P., Frank, M., Long, J.H., Mueller-Phillips, J. and O'Reilly, D.M., 2012. The auditor's approach to subsequent events: Insights from the academic literature. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 32(sp1), pp.167-207. Coetsee, D., 2010. The role of accounting theory in the development of accounting principles. Meditari Accountancy Research, 18(1), pp.1-16. Francis, J.R., 2011. A framework for understanding and researching audit quality. Auditing: A journal of practice theory, 30(2), pp.125-152. Herda, D.N. and Lavelle, J.J., 2012. Auditor commitment to privately held clients and its effect on value-added audit service. Auditing: A journal of practice theory, 32(1), pp.113-137. Herda, D.N. and Lavelle, J.J., 2014. Auditing Subsequent Events: Perspectives from the Field. Current Issues in Auditing, 8(2), pp.A10-A24. Humphrey, C. and Miller, P., 2012. Rethinking impact and redefining responsibility: The parameters and coordinates of accounting and public management reforms. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 25(2), pp.295-327. Iwu, C.G. and Xesha, D., 2011. Used Bookstore as a Vehicle for Improved Learning and Development: The Case of a South Africans Tertiary Institution. Janvrin, D.J. and Jeffrey, C.G., 2007. An investigation of auditor perceptions about subsequent events and factors that influence this audit task. Accounting Horizons, 21(3), pp.295-312. Knechel, W.R., Krishnan, G.V., Pevzner, M., Shefchik, L.B. and Velury, U.K., 2012. Audit quality: Insights from the academic literature. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 32(sp1), pp.385-421. Lpez, D.M. and Peters, G.F., 2012. The effect of workload compression on audit quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 31(4), pp.139-165. Martin, R.D., 2013. Audit quality indicators: Audit practice meets audit research. Current issues in auditing, 7(2), pp.A17-A23. Reichelt, K.J. and Wang, D., 2010. National and office specific measures of auditor industry expertise and effects on audit quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 48(3), pp.647-686. Skinner, D. J. and Srinivasan, S. 2012. Audit quality and auditor reputation: Evidence from Japan. The Accounting Review, 87(5), 1737-1765. Thompson, T.R., 1960. Problems of Auditing Computing Data: Internal Audit Practice and External Audit Theory Section 1: Internal Audit. The Computer Journal, 3(1), pp.10-11. Unegbu, A.O., 2014. Theories of Accounting: Evolution Developments, Income-Determination and Diversities in Use. arXiv preprint arXiv:1411.4633.